Medical Advances Throughout History And History

Which immune system cell does HIV like to use if it wishes to replicate in the human body? Please be very specific with the cell name. [2 pts]

As stated by Dr. N.A.S, finding a vaccine has been incredibly challenging due to the astonishing genetic diversity of the virus. While it is true that the genome of two HIV infected individuals can differ by up to 30%,6 it is not the integrase enzyme that causes this huge difference in the genomes as written by Dr. N.A.S. Reverse transcriptase is the error prone enzyme that makes multiple mistakes while copying RNA into DNA, which results in ~1 mutation in every new virus.6 The advantage of mutations for HIV is that these new changes are not

CD4 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infects cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages. HIV has an envelope and contains two copies of single-stranded RNA as the genome. Within the viral capsid are important viral enzymes called reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. The HIV virus has a spike protein that is called gp120, and the host cell receptor is CD4+. HIV belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses. Retroviruses are RNA viruses, and to replicate or reproduce, they must make a DNA copy of their RNA through transcription and translation. It is the DNA genes that allow the

b. HIV is an incurable disease that relies on coreceptors to initiate host cell interaction and proliferates by utilizing the host cell’s own machinery to reproduce new virus. We will more deeply explore the mechanism in which HIV virions infiltrate and deceive our host cell. In addition, we will discuss current treatment and research that are in the process of finding a highly coveted cure.

Recent studies suggested that CD4 domain specific monoclonal antibody such as mAb (15A7) and Ibalizumab have a great revolution in HIV-1 treatment area. The majority of previous mentioned treatments constitute to either restore the immune response or decline the plasma vireamia, however, this type of treatment is more likely to interfere with the HIV-1 structure. Before explaining how this category of drugs works, it is necessary to clarify the reaction between HIV-1 glycoproteins and CD4. Once the virus enters the body, HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120) attaches to a cellular CD4 receptor. As CD4/gp120 is formed, it allows gp120 to attache to chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) or CX chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) allowing gp41, another viral envelope molecule, to insert into the target cell membrane leading to fusion the viral envelope and cellular membrane (Christopher et al., 2010). Ibalizumab is CD4 domain-2 monoclonal antibody using as an effective treatment to enhance the CD4 counts. In a study which set out to determine the antiviral efficacy of Ibalizumab on HIV-1 positive patients not on (ART), (Christopher et al., 2010) found that the CD4 counts increase after one day of drug initiation even before the viral load decline. This suggested that the rise of CD4 counts is possibly due to redistribution of CD4 cells from lymphoid tissues rather than regeneration of these cells. Notably, niegher

Vaccinations are one of the most notable scientific break thoughts in primary health care history. It is one of the most effective ways of preventing the spread of disease in the community. The safety and outcomes of the immunisation programs can be seen in the scientific research, health of the community and in society as a whole. Vaccination programs have been the cornerstone of preventative healthcare

administration of the virus has been difficult because of the body’s ability to build antibodies

People have been trying to find cures for disease and sickness as long as they’ve existed. There are many diseases that could possibly be cured

Every year there are new advancements in the medical world, in which people want to find a way to cure or treat certain illnesses. The advancement is so

Around since the second world war (8), it is a retrovirus that has the ability to transcribe its RNA into a copy of DNA in the host cell (1). It can take up to 6 months for the presence of HIV – specific antibodies to become detectable (2) however, throughout this period the HIV antigen and RNA can be detected in the blood (2).

The cures we have become accustomed to using, however, cannot fix everything. Some diseases, such as monogenic disorders and cancer, have no known cure by means of drugs or common treatment that is used currently. One possible method of treatment, however, gives hope for some of those

This paper will discuss the current efforts at an HIV vaccine including different approaches to solving the vaccine problem and how close scientists are. Scientists have been struggling with a HIV vaccine for a while. One solution is a drug that has enhanced and extended the lives of people with HIV/Aids. Other scientists have similar methods to solving the Vaccine problem with clinical trials and patients. However the solutions suggested in my literature review also say that they have difficulties with following through.

The old saying, “Prevention is better than cure” has time and again been hailed as the truest sense of words spoken.

Currently, 1.2 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, with the number of new HIV diagnoses declining by 19% from 2005 to 2014 (aids.gov). This decrease in diagnoses is due to the new medical advancements and scientific findings, specifically the discovery of nonprogessers, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), and how these bNAbs can offer a new insight on HIV treatment and prevention.

First of all, to develop a vaccine for this virus, scientists took multiple approaches. One of these approaches is to find a way to prevent new HIV infections from happening in the first place. An example of this is the concept of evaluating the bivalent Env (gp120) protein by targeting T-cell responses. This was by introducing strong CTL responses. Although this study, which is called VAX004/VAX004, had some failures and was suspected to increase acquisition among the participants in their study. However, this was of the first studies to induce HIV-specific T cell responses. Although the solution didn’t reduce HIV acquisition among the 75% who received it, the vaccine did in fact impact the virus strains. The final result was that