Medical Case Study

Africa has the highest incidence of meningococcal disease, tuberculosis, and malaria because of overcrowding in many villages. There is an area in sub-Saharan Africa called the Meningitis Belt that stretches from Senegal to Ethiopia with over 20,000 reported cases and 2,000 deaths every year (Healthgrades editorial staff, 2015). During the dry season in Africa, from December through June, meningitis epidemics occur with the three major areas infected being Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Chad. The most recent outbreak of the meningococcal disease reported in the United States occurred as meningitis in the dorms at the University of California, Santa Barbara and Princeton University in New Jersey in December of 2013 (Doheny, 2013). When the outbreak occurred at these two universities it was caused from serotype B of the disease and resulted in one death. Since the current meningococcal vaccine does not cover the serotype B bacteria the FDA allowed the use of a special vaccine from New Zealand to treat the outbreaks (Burrell, 2015). One in five US teens have not had their first recommended dose of meningococcal vaccine and for those who have had the first dose of the vaccine,

Some of the symptoms of “Mono” are often confused with strep throat. But because of the severe sore throat, it often prompts the patient to call the doctor and get in for a visit. Some of the most common symptoms of Infectious Mononucleosis are: a general lack of energy or

     3,000 Americans contract Bacterial Meningitis each year. Out of those 3,000, about 10 %, or 300 people, die from the infection. Approximately 125 of these cases occur on college campuses across the country. Out of these campus outbreaks, there is an annual average of 10 student deaths.

The majority of people do not know how meningitis develops among students, how it can spread, and how vaccinations and awareness affect the chances of catching this disease. The first paragraph is about the number of students affected each year and the process of the development of that numbers between 1991-1999. The second paragraph is about the lack of awareness and how it affects the chances of getting meningitis. Also, it will talk about the effect of meningitis vaccinations on these chances. The third paragraph is about the stress between students and how it affects the immune system. Meningitis is one of the most serious and spreadable diseases on college campuses and dormitories because of the number of students that are affected each year, ignorance of awareness about meningitis symptoms and vaccinations, and the lack of knowledge concerning the correlation between college stress and disease control that weakens the immune system.

To begin, Sophia is given a provisional diagnosis of Meningitis Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), also called meningococcal disease (Meningococcal Australia, n.d.). Meningitis is a viral or bacterial infection of the meninges, the membrane that lines the brain and spinal cord inside

N. meningitides bacterium responsible for outbreaks in densely populated areas such as childcare centers, boarding schools, or college living areas (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010). These outbreaks are most common in winter and spring months when risk factors like upper respiratory infections are more likely (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010). Immunosuppression must be present for this pathogen to invade. Other risk factors for meningitis are otitis media (middle ear infection), mastoiditis (mastoid bone infection) (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010), systemic sepsis, sinusitis (sinus infection), basilar skull fractures, and the very young and the very old (Porth & Matfin, 2009).

Infectious agents, such as bacteria and virus’, are the most conspicuous way to spread infection within hospital settings, this may be because of the low immunity of patients, and the frequency in which people move around. The spread of infection can occur in any stage, whether it

disease is an illness that has been going around the nation throughout the previous ten years, yet has of late been found in Western Washington. This disease is an airborne infection that is very contagious and particularly dangerous to those individuals that are between the ages of 12 – 22. Some ways you could be infected are: going through ventilation frameworks (in structures, restaurants, and houses), through physical contact, bodily fluids. A unique aspect of this disease is that you could be infected, yet you may not demonstrate any symptoms of the disease since you are immune but rather are still a carrier of this infection. The S.H.A.N.E.A.N.E.A infection attacks the nervous system since it's searching for particular mind cells. For instance, if you only eat fast food for dinner every night, then you’re more likely to be infected. Unlike other people who eat vegetables and natural product. Some other causes are not reading in the previous six months, haven’t seen a Netflix television show in the previous six months or have not done their

According to American Family Physician (2009), acute pharyngitis is a common upper respiratory tract infection seen in the pediatric population, with most children averaging five sore throats within a year in the United States. “Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the mucosa lining the structure of the throat including the tonsils, pharynx, uvula, soft palate, and nasopharynx" (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, & Blosser, p. 715, 2013). Acute pharyngitis can be caused by both virus and bacteria microorganisms. About 40 to 60% of acute pharyngitis is of a viral origin (Burns et al., 2013). Adenovirus is the most common virus associated with acute pharyngitis. Although, there are other associated viruses, which includes Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza, herpes simplex virus, enterovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus (Burns et al., 2013). There are some common bacterial organisms that are associated with pharyngitis which includes Streptococcus pyogens (group A streptococcus), Corynbacterium diphtheria, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeare, group C and group G streptocococci, and Mycoplasma pneumonia (Burns et al., 2013).

Meningitis is associated several unpleasant symptom such as fever, vomiting, headache, limb pain, and neck stiffness(Refernce). The severity of symptom varies according to the type of pathogen , duration of illness and the age of child( feign1992 ). .According to the recent evidence based reports, Suspected bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency, and immediate diagnostic steps must be taken to establish the specific cause so that appropriate antimicrobial therapy can be initiated. The mortality rate of untreated bacterial meningitis approaches 100 percent and, even with optimal therapy, morbidity and mortality may occur. Neurologic sequelae are common among survivors.meningities is considered as medical emergency required Now, of course, the admission to hospital can be unpleasant for the child and the use of antibiotics itself might cause some adverse effect. However, the illness syndrome and complications results in much more suffering over a longer duration than does the

An acute disease which is referred to any potentially disease that is caused by the type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis is named as meningococcal disease. This is a life threatening infection which may end in death. (Nadel et al.,2006, MacNiel et al., 2011) The first meningococcal disease was reported before 5 centuries. Meningococcal diseases are often severe and serious that present in meningitis 50% of cases and 40% septicemia (Gabuttiet et al., 2015). Some infected people may have one or both of these diseases. Both of them are occurring and spreading rapidly. Neisseria meningitidis is hosted in humans because they are the only reservoir. Rare forms of the disease including lung infection, joint infection and infection of the

Throughout my years as a school nurse I have had several scares due the possibility of a student having meningitis. I have received telephone calls very early in the morning instructing me to go to a certain school/location to speak with the facility due to the potential threat of a student having meningitis. My first reaction is to calm the staff and educate them on the difference of viral and bacterial meningitis. The facility will not be made aware of the person’s name that potential has meningitis. I will inform the facility that although viral and bacterial meningitis can transpire at any time in a person life, it is more prevalent among young children. Both types of meningitis will present with a sudden onset of the individual having fever,

Evaluator met with Ms. Patty to discuss her medical condition. Ms. Patty stated that she was told that she had a “stroke on the brain.” Previously, she provided a doctor excuse requesting May 17, 2017 to May 24, 2017 off because she was ill. Ms. Patty was scheduled to return 05/25/2017. However, Ms. Patty stated that Dr. South stated that she still should not return to AbilityWorks until her doctor appointment, Wednesday, June 12, 2017 at 3:20 pm. Ms. Patty stated that she became dizzy at her significant other’s home in McAdams, MS. She continued to verbalize that she was lightheaded and she passed out in her significant other’s living room. She stated that her significant other’s grandfather heard the commotion and came over. Ms. Patty reported

Patient is a 71 year old Caucasian female living with her grandson and granddaugther in her home Pt was born in Tennesse and moved to Northern California when she was six years old. Patient stated she has 5 brothers and 2 sisters living in NorCali, but has been out of contact with them for many years. Pt stated she was married and had 5 sons and one daughter, who she is in contact with via phone. Pt ambulates well within the home, but does have a rollater and wheelchair when needed. Pt uses her walker during walks and out within the community. Pt reports that her grandchildren assist with cooking meals, washing clothes, housekeeping and transportation to store and medical appointments. Pt's daugther, who just got back from a trip to Alaska,

Meningococcemia is caused by a gram negative bacteria which infects the bloodstream and the brain if severe enough, and is caused by the Neisseria meningitidis bacterium. There are two forms of this illness: Meningococcal Meningitis, which occurs when the meninges become infected and swell; and Meningococcal Septicemia, occurs when the bacteria multiply in the bloodstream causing damage to the blood vessels, causing internal bleeding. Septicemia is the more serious form. Individuals at risk include people in daycare, cellmates, housemates, and especially those with a compromised immune system. There are vaccination for this disease, and are recommended if you are immunocompromised or live in areas where it is common, like in Africa. This disease isn’t very common in the United States, but it is still prevalent so good hygiene and avoiding sick individuals is necessary to stay healthy. When someone is infected though, an early diagnosis is critical to their survival, for the mortality rate is high, and the progression of this disease is extremely rapid, some people may die within hours of contracting it. Even if the infected person does survive, the person may have very serious physical and mental complications due to hemorrhaging of the blood vessels and damaged brain tissue.