Medical Report: Case Study Questions Essay

The systemic inflammatory response is the next step in the continuum and is a nonspecific inflammatory state that may be seen with an infection. Sepsis is the presence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with evidence of infection. As the bacteria invade the bloodstream, they release endotoxins that damage the endothelial cell lining and impair the vascular system, coagulation mechanism, and immune system. These endotoxins also trigger the immune and inflammatory responses, which results in the activation of macrophages and CD4 cells that release proinflammatory cytokines to create a systemic inflammatory response to the pathogen. Hospitalized patients may quickly progress from bacteremia to sepsis and finally to septic shock, even with treatment.

Discuss the cascade of host inflammatory responses that produce the major detrimental effects seen in sepsis due to gram-negative bacteria.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type. They are known as phagocytes, which means they kill invading germs and disease. When an invasion occurs, neutrophils rush through the walls of the blood vessels from chemical signals.

Overwhelming, deleterious host immune response to an infection due to release of chemicals to fight the infection 2• 1

This WBC is a neutrophil. The function of neutrophils are to eat bacteria and some other foreign material. The membrane of the neutrophil surrounds the invading bacteria and then destroy it.

successful transfusion of human blood. He performed this act to a patient for the treatment of

A young internist Dr. Vy Tran felt sick and his temperature it was 103, but the next morning he felt better and every night the sickness came. One night he had hives all over his feet: another he was doubled over with pain and pressure in his liver. And there was always fever. A doctor gave him antibiotics without effect. The blood cell count, show only slightly elevated. The Malaria test was negative but white cells were positive to eosinophils. Eosinophils attack anything foreign that gets into the body, like pollen grains and cat dander. They move into the tissues, stick to the foreign substance if this happens in the airways, the patient get red runny eyes and starts sneezing and wheezing. But Hand Le had a highest count of white cells

When an inflammatory response happens white blood cells release endotoxins and exotoxins that destroy the bacteria causing infection. However, these toxins also cause damage to the surrounding blood vessels and therefore leak into the

PMNs or neutrophils as they are more commonly known as are the first responders to the scene when it comes to inflammation/infection since they are highly mobile and more common in the blood stream which allows them to react quickly unlike other leukocytes. Their jobs are to search and destroy any foreign material at the site. Through

Basophils- Basophils secrete serotonins and histamines which in turns speeds up blood flow and decreases the inflaming of the infection.

(With the onset of infection the immune system is activated and signs of infection appear.)

The lymphatic system plays an important part in the body’s defense against infection (Rockson, 2016).

Eosinophils measure 12-17 μm in diameter,(5) a similar size to neutrophils.(5)(6) The number of eosinophils is considerably high while experiencing an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection (especially worms).(2)(5)(6) Eosinophils are readily recognized by their great number of large specific granules. It is believed that eosinophils have a life span of 8-12 days and longer. However, experimental data are not certain.(5)

Liver has many haemostatic functions including the synthesis of most coagulation factors and inhibitors as well as fibrinolytic factors. The balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors is essential to prevent excessive blood loss from injured vessels and to prevent spontaneous thrombosis (11).The global effect of liver disease with regard to hemostasis is therefore complex, so that patients with advanced liver disease can experience severe bleeding or even thrombotic complications (12).

Blood transfusions are a lifesaving method that are becoming more and more common. Aaron Dunnagan is perfect example of how they are lifesaving. Two years ago when he was 34 years old, Aaron experienced one of the most rare blood disorders called Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP). TTP is when you have blood clots that from in your blood vessels therefore causing lack of oxygen to get to your organs (Dunnagan). What’s frightening about TTP is that you are not born with the disorder you just somehow develop it. In Aaron’s case he had three embolisms (blood clots) that made it so he had a shortage of oxygen in his brain, making it hard for him to function (Dunnagan). His body had become autoimmune; this means his body was producing antibodies that were mistakenly attacking his body’s healthy blood cells (Dunnagan). The antibodies were causing a block in the activity of the ADAMTS13 enzyme (Dunnagan). As a result of the lack of enzymes, less platelet were present in his plasma. This caused Aaron to need plasma exchange also referred to as an Apheresis machine, which supplies protein into the blood. In the total time of six months, Aaron had 54 transfusions done on him. For those six months, he needed eight pints of plasma every day, which is equivalent to eight people donating their blood. Blood transfusions is a complicated and a valuable medical procedure that is misunderstood by many people.