Medication Metabolism Research Paper

Nurses offer meds. It’s one in all the foremost routine, daily duties for nurses operating in a very direct care setting. It typically a tedious job, and may take hours from begin to complete. And once you finish, it’s time to start another round.

Codeine is a narcotic, and this common opioid that has been administered for a long as we can remember. It is used for acute pain relief and could give a feeling of euphoria “a high” as well as a degree of sedation. With many prescription drugs, they carry some risk and they include side effects such as constipation and nausea and drowsiness (Canada, 2009) (Addiction.com, 2011).

ff exit 5 on the NJ turnpike, a few miles down the road resting on the banks of the Delaware River is located a small notable community by the name of Burlington City. Once the seat of power for Burlington County and a stop on the underground to freedom for the enslaved African, it possesses a rich and bountiful history.

Human health and theIR quality of life have been improving in the past 100 due to changes in medicine and in public health (Mattes et al., 2013). Patients are placed on multiple medications at the same time and it important to understand their safety, efficacy, drug interaction, and toxicity (Mattes et al., 2013). As Mr. Cynthia Nurse practitioner, my job is to understand what affect her prescribing medication is having on her body. I have place Mrs. Cynthia on Lisinopril for her hypertension and metformin for her type II diabetes.

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

Tissot E, Cornette C, Limat S, et al. Observational study of potential risk factors of medication

An Australian man who took over 90 codeine pills a day, and drove up to 300 kilometers to different pharmacies to feed his addiction, had to sell his house and move into a caravan to fund his addiction to codeine based painkillers. This is just one example of one person, there are many more stories with worse endings. With codeine related deaths more than doubling in 10 years. An Australian study examining codeine related deaths in a 10 year period from 2007 to 2017 found that deaths where codeine was determined to be an underlying cause has more than doubled from 3.5 per million to 8.7 per million. Accidental over does was more common than intentional death, 48.8 per cent compared to 34.7 per cent, which is why the ban on over the counter codeine medications was a necessary precaution that needed to be taken. Low dose codeine in not intended for long term pain, but consultation with the public shows many people are using these products to self-treat chronic pain, which often leads to dependence and

Please call the Nuclear Medicine department at 206-598-4240 if you have any questions about how certain drugs will affect this test.

This pro-drug undergoes metabolism by CYP2C6 and is converted into the active metabolite, morphine (Yiannakopoulou, 2015). Most of its analgesic activity is exerted through the metabolism of morphine, therefore codeine, itself, is considered to be a weak opioid analgesic at the - and -opioid receptors (Trescot et al., 2008). The main adverse effects associated with codeine use include drowsiness, nausea and dizziness (Yiannakopoulou, 2015). Moreover, in severe circumstances, codeine use can potentially result in respiratory depression and cardiac arrest (Yiannakopoulou,

Hi Alex, you brought up a great example of poor pateint provider communication. So many people are not aware of what medications react with theres and pharmacists and there physicians should be giving them knowledge of what they can take so they do not have an adverse effect. Ive also heard the same thing about opiods and how patients are not aware that they can not drink on them causing deaths and comas.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are currently one of the most controversial groups of medicines, with fluoxetine, more commonly known by its brand name Prozac, at the head of the controversy. Opponents of the use of SSRI medications as a successful and safe method for treating depression and related disorders assert that the actions of the drug are an unnatural and a dangerous form of tampering with our neurochemistry. Not only are these medications incredibly safe in almost all cases, they are actually an unnatural method of modifying an already disordered, natural sequence of chemicals in the brain, and therefore are not a form of tampering, but are a method for fixing

Once codeine phosphate gets into the body, it gets metabolized into morphine (Kirchheiner et al., 2007). Gastrointestinal mu-opioid receptors get activated as morphine binds to it (Thomas et al., 2008) and this activation of gastrointestinal mu-opioid receptors

Astragalosides appear to exert their immunomodulatory actions via direct interaction with cellular membrane receptors. Shao et al. reported that astragalus root polysaccharide fractions activated mouse B cells and stimulated macrophage production via direct interaction between the polysaccharide fractions and TLR4 on cell surfaces.35 Hao et al. demonstrated in rat endothelial cells that astragalus root polysaccharide fractions stimulated the adhesion between neutrophils and endothelial cells by promoting the expression of superficial I-1 on the cell surface.87 This action would hypothetically facilitate the inflammatory response in wound healing and possibly underlie the detoxification and cellular protective actions

The metabolism of opioids takes place in the liver with the help of the enzymes (Serepell Michael, 2011). Metabolism refers to the process of bio transfusion, where the drug breaks down so that it can eliminate by the body (NCBI). The enzyme responsible for the codeine metabolism is CYP2D6, and it converts codeine into morphine (FDA, 2012). Morphine is glucuronidated to two metabolites with potential differences in the efficiency and the toxicity: morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) (NCBI). M6G is a µ- receptor agonist and causes the analgesia. Poor or rapid CYP2D6 metabolizers do not respond well with codeine, whereas, codeine toxicity reported in rapid metabolizers (NCBI). Both of this interferes with the normal

Liley L.L., Harrington, S., & Snyder J.S. (2011). PHARMACOLOGY for Canadian Health Care Practice 2nd Canadian Edition. Ontario, Ca: MOSBY Elsvier.