Melatonin Agonists

Treatment for epilepsy is often focused on controlling the seizures with the least amount of medication as possible. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the class used to accomplish this. Some of the AEDs that are used most often are Clonazepam, Diazepam, Divalproex, Gabapentin, and Phenytoin. The most common side effects of these medications include nausea, vomiting, sedation, fatigue, and lethargy. (Kwan,1; Benbadis, 3-5; Huethers,637)

Epilim is known for treating epilepsy, Epilim works by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain. Side effects disturbance of the stomach such as diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting or stomach pain, increased appetite and weight gain, temporary hair loss -re growth may be curly, increased alertness, aggression, hyperactivity, shaky movements and unsteady movements and unsteady walking, drowsiness, confusion, liver disorder, irregular or stopping of menstrual periods, skin rashes, increased hair growth.

For many people, becoming tired in the middle of the afternoon isn’t unusual. However, for those who suffer from narcolepsy, it is a difficult struggle to stay awake all day, everyday. It is estimated that approximately 40,000 to 135,000 people in the United States have narcolepsy. (Narcolepsy, 2002) This number has such a wide-range because there are many people who have narcolepsy but don’t know it while others are often misdiagnosed. Although there are medications for people with narcolepsy, the medications do not prevent all of their symptoms from occurring. Scientists have performed many studies, but still do not know the actual cause of narcolepsy,

In certain high risk individuals, medication may be initiated after the first seizure.10 Nonpharmacological treatment that can be initiated include a special diet or removal of the stimulus that could be causing the seizure, if it is known. If an individual is experiencing a seizure, the most important thing to remember is to remain calm. Seizures do not often warrant a 911 call if the person experiences them regularly, but they should be timed for their duration. If they last longer than three minutes, emergency personnel should be notified immediately. If the individual is standing, try to prevent them from falling and move any furniture out of the way. If they are already on the ground, try to position them on their side so any vomit or saliva can leak out.10 There are currently several drugs FDA approved to treat seizures which are each unique to their respective category.11 Seizure prophylaxis is crucial to patients that experience them to enhance their quality of life. Some common drugs used to treat seizures include Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, Levetiracetam, Valproic Acid, Topiramate, Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, and the newest addition that recently acquired FDA approval is Brivaracetam, which is a chemical analogue of

Anticonvulsants main domains consist of treating seizures and bipolar disorder. Many researchers believe that anticonvulsants increase concentration of the neurotransmitter GABBA. Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, and Gabapentin are the main anticonvulsants used to treat the disorder.

With the increase of antidepressants being prescribed in the UK, in 2012, it reached over a half a million prescriptions. Some indications have shown with the increase of antidepressants is a rise in epilepsy/seizures, only a small number of researches have been done on people for “long-term” use. In the UK 1 in 100 people are diagnosed with epilepsy, the disorder is severe

The purpose of this study was to find another alternative medication to be used in managing status epilepticus in a hospital setting. This study compared intravenous (IV) valproate and diazepam infusion in patients with status epilepticus (SE). The main goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IV valproate and continuous diazepam infusion as second-line anticonvulsants. Side effects were also evaluated in this study. The major goal from this study was to maintain and terminate the status epilepticus

Choosing an appropriate antiepileptic drug is the key to successful medical management of epilepsy in children. The choice of antiepileptic drug depends on several factors, of which the most important is accurate seizure classification. The other factors used to choose an appropriate antiepileptic drug include the side effect profile of the drug, The available age- and patient-appropriate preparations of the drug, Whether therapeutic levels are needed quickly or not (depending on the frequency and severity of the patient’s seizures), and the patient’s comorbidities.

There are many current drugs and therapies for seizure illnesses. One example of these drugs is, carbamazepine (epitol). Epitol, according to webmd.com, works in the sense of

Status epilepticus are seizures lasting >20 minutes, or repeated seizures without regaining consciousness [71]. Physicians should be particularly careful with it, since the background may be other than epilepsy. Infection, haemorrhage, trauma, hypoxia, ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke, hypoglycaemia, hyponatremia, drug toxicity and alcohol withdraw should be ruled out. In any of the above, the provoking cause should be treated. If the cause is epilepsy, the treatment of choice is benzodiazepines and the second choice is phenytoin/ fosphenytoin, but with caution as rapid infusion may induce cardiovascular problems. For resistance in those two drugs, the Neurocritical Care Society’s Status Epilepticus Guideline

Narcolepsy is when patients suddenly and uncontrollably fall asleep. Depressants are also used for anesthesia like benzodiazepines and barbiturates which are effective as sedatives. By depressing brain activity, these depressants are able to help patients fall asleep. Barbiturates can be used to treat sleep disorders, as can benzodiazepines. Because both medications can take hours to get out of the body, however, another class of medications has been developed for the treatment of sleep disorders. Zolpidem and eszopiclone are two different medications that can treat only some of the parts of the brain that respond to benzodiazepines. Depressants can also be used medically as anticonvulsants. Anticonvulsants work to lower the overall activity in the brain, thus helping prevent the abnormal electrical

The first line therapy for treatment of clonic-tonic seizure are carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic, and fosphenytoin. Phenytoin (Dilantin) is a first line, single therapy to treat both partial and generalized tonic-clinic seizures. The medication is also used to prevent seizures after brain surgery. Phenytoin works by suppressing of the sodium action potential and filtering out of sustained high-frequency neuronal discharges and synaptic activity. Through this action, phenytoin obstructs the positive feedback that underlies the development of maximal seizure activity, while normal brain activity.

Investigating Melatonin’s Chemical Properties and Significance in Health Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse and discuss the chemical properties of Melatonin, an important organic molecule in the human body. This report will examine Melatonin at a molecular level as it undergoes five organic reactions; substitution, addition, hydrolysis, oxidation and decarboxylation, in addition to the enzymes that catalyze them. Furthermore, this report will dive into the importance of Melatonin in health, expanding on the benefits and risks associated with its use as a supplement. N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] (Melatonin, n.d.), more often referred to as Melatonin, is an organic molecule that is both naturally produced in the the body and

People with seizure disorder usually have problems with their sleep. Daytime sleepiness, lack of energy and drowsiness are frequently seen in epileptic patients. Baseline electrical activity has been vastly studied in epilepsy. Seizures can be either partial or generalized. Based on the area of the brain triggered by epileptic waves, any kind of motor or sensory abnormalities can happen in partial seizure. If the whole brain cortex is triggered, generalized tonic-clonic seizure can happen, which is the classic shaking of the body and loss of consciousness. Generalized seizures may be followed by a post-ictal period in which the patient will be heavily drowsy and may experience memory loss for a short amount of time. It has been shown that epileptic patients can reach threshold potentials more readily than the normal population and lack of sleep can be a trigger for causing a seizure [1]. The circadian rhythm, synchronizing role of thalamo-cortical networks, and reduced intracortical inhibition have been suggested as underlying physiologic factors elicited by sleep deprivation that make a patient more prone to seizure activity.

Bufo toxin has been shown to mimic or exhibit similar action as other known convulsant agent. Its biochemical components are formed as a result of the binding of bufo-fagin and a molecule arginina. There exist wide array of convulsant agents used in the screening of anti-convulsant agents. This new testing convulsant agent (bufo toxin) is inexpensive, affordable and easy to use when compared to other known convulsant agents. The experimental procedure is easy and it gives a broad spectrum in comparing the action of bufo toxin to other chemical convulsant agents (Arome and Amarachi,