Mendelian Genetics, Scientific Paper

The purpose of Mendelian Genetics: Fast Plant lab is to determine if Mendel’s law of segregation applies to the reproduction of the Brassica Rapa. The law of segregation suggest that allele pairs separate during the production of gametes. Which then the offspring gets one factor from each of the parents. To show this, Mendel suggests that the F2 generation plants will have a three to one ratio between anthocyanin gene (purple) and the absence of the anthocyanin gene (green). The purple stem being the dominant allele and the green stem being the recessive allele. In the lab, we harvest F1 hybrid seeds of the Brassica Rapa and pollinated them so we can have a monohybrid cross between the plants. This will show us the F2 generation of Brassica

The “Brassica rapa” is a fast plant known as the field mustard. This plant is well known for its rapid growing rate, which makes it an easy breeding cycle and easy to pollinate. In giving so this makes “Brassica rapa” a great participant for testing Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance. The “Brassica rapa” acts like a test subject in testing cross-pollination giving the understanding to the dominant allele of colored stems. There are different colors that are visible on the stem that are above the soil; the colors vary from green to purple. P1 seed was ordered, germinated and cross-pollinated until germination of the next off spring of plants were also done. It was

The basis of genetics were established by Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk in the mid to late 1800’s. Through the observations from cross-pollinating pea plants, Mendel was able to discover the basic laws of inheritance. Mendel’s experiment was to cross pollinate pea plants and observe how traits were passed on. He started his experiment with two true breeding pods,

You are also provided with a heterozygous female, and a homozygous recessive male for a genetic cross. In this particular female, all the dominant alleles are on one chromosome, and the recessive counterparts are on the other homologous chromosome. Due to a chromosomal condition, in the female no recombination occurs between the M and N loci. Normal recombination occurs between the L and M loci. Diagram this cross, and show the genotypes and frequencies of all offspring expected from this cross.

Gregor Johann Mendel, the father of genetics, was born in 1822. He was a priest and scientist who became famous for his work and studies on the inheritance patterns using pea plants. Gregor Mendel used pea plants known as Pisumsativum in his research where he developed two fundamental laws of genetics known today as the “Law of segregation”, and the “Law of independent assortment” (Hartl, 1992). The “Law of segregation” states that when an individual produces a gamete, the copies of a given gene separate in which each gamete receives only one copy of that gene. The phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation according to the “Law of

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity of living organisms. Genes are the sets of chromosomes combined from the mother and father formed into the new set for the offspring. Sets of alleles forming the traits given to an offspring are called either genotypes, or when observable outwardly on the progeny they are called its phenotype. Traits are heterozygous as a gene with one allele is dominant, as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, and the other allele is recessive. Recessive alleles qualities recede and are not observed over the dominant allele. Some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have incomplete dominance by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or codominance by expressing both alleles at once. Combinations of traits and genes make up the different faces and characteristics seen in our world and communities. One person even if related, unless from identical chromosomes, will not ever look the same as another human being (Tortora & Derrickson, 2008).

Gregory Bateson was born in Grantchester, England to an aristocratic family in 1904 (Stagoll 2006). His father, William Bateson, was a prominent geneticist who founded the Cambridge School of Genetics and coined the term “genetics (Stagoll 2006).” William Bateson was a strong advocate of the work of geneticist Gregor Mendel and named Gregory in his honor (Stagoll 2006). Following in his father’s footsteps, Gregory Bateson received his bachelor’s degree in natural sciences at St. Johns at Cambridge where his grandfather, William Henry Bateson, held the position of master (Levy and Rappaport 1982). After publishing his first paper about

“My scientific studies have afforded me great gratification: and I am convinced that it will not be long before the whole world acknowledges the results of my work.” -Gregor Mendel. Gregor Mendel, a.k.a “the father of genetics” was an Austrian monk and he is credited for discovering hereditary units. Mendel discovered hereditary units by breeding thousands of plants. Mendel specifically chose pea plants because they reproduce quickly and he could control how they mated. The pea plants showed Mendel that genes were hereditary. Mendel’s knowledge of genetics and heredity is relevant in today’s society for many reasons.

The traits of people are determined by the genes they are given. In DNA there are pairs of homologous chromosomes, and these chromosomes have genes that come in pairs called alleles. Each part of the allele can be represented by a letter, so you will have a pair of letters called a genotype. There can be homozygous genotypes and heterozygous genotypes. A homozygous genotype is when both alleles are identical, and a heterozygous genotype is when the alleles are different. Also the expression or result of a genotype is called the phenotype. There are dominant alleles which are represented by capital letters and recessive

Gregor Mendel worked to bring about Mendelian inheritance. Genetics can be defined as: the study of heredity and variation of inherited characteristics. Mendel worked in the lab on pea plants. Therefore, in Figure 1A it shows how from working with the pea plants he concluded that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units with one inherited from each parent. He also tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant and recessive. This was a major breakthrough in genetics.

This table helps show all the possible genotypes from one set of parents. The table shows that the genotypes purple and starchy are dominant, and the genotypes yellow and sweet are recessive.(stallsmith)

The pairs of alternative traits examined segregated among the progeny of a particular cross, some individuals exhibiting one traits, some the other

This lab report serves the purpose of explaining the Mendelian theory on genetics. An experiment done on the common fruit fly shows how the dominant and recessive traits appear in the generation tested. The data collected and found by using a chi-square and Punnett square that allowed a hypothesis to be made and the decision to be accepted or rejected. Drosophila Melanogaster, the common fruit fly is an essential organism to use for genetic research because of its simple living requirements and choice of diet. The fly can also be easily sedated and obtains many hereditary features that can be seen with the naked eye. The fly has a few chromosomes. Another plus in using the Drosophila is its short life cycle. The average life cycle is about 12 days. The eggs are small and after a day are hatched into the larva. While the Drosophila is in the larval stage, it is constantly eating. As it grows, the larva will shed its skin. Then in the last few stages, the chromosomes will be visible. While in the pupal stage, the larva will crawl to the side of the container to begin forming the pupal case, which is darker and harder. After a few weeks, the adult fly crawls out of the casing and begins mating to restart the cycle (Vijayalakshmi 5). During this fly lab, the investigation was based on genetics and gave ratios when the crosses were performed. The first objective was to find the dominant allele. The dominant allele is the more powerful gene in the crossing. There is also a

The scientist at the epitome of all scientific discoveries is Gregor Mendel. His scientific breakthroughs changed the world of genetics. Mendel shed new light on heredity. When people questioned why they have certain traits, he sought out an answer and proved it scientifically. Scientist still use his methods in genetics today. Gregor Mendel’s early life and schooling made an impact on the accomplishments and discoveries that created the legacy of the “Father of Genetics.”

Genetics is a field of biology, which concentrates specifically on the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation among living organisms. The use of genetic knowledge can be traced to early civilizations when people examined and altered genetic information to advance the efficiency of domesticated species of plants and animals. Some of the plants, such as corn, wheat and rice, were genetically modified not only to increase the production of crops, but to also be resilient against diseases and pest, while at the same time still producing a nutritious and healthy harvest. About one hundred and fifty years ago, Gregor Mendel observed heredity through his experimental work on the production of pea stocks. Mendel came up with groundbreaking conclusions over eight years and with the use of twenty eight thousand pea plants as he discovered dominant and recessive genes to be the major building blocks of heredity while incorporating mathematics to identify patterns in his experiment (Wilson, Avery, Ford, Hancock, Read, Stephens, and Young, 2007). Mendel carried out monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and was able to obtain offspring in certain ratios that allowed the establishment of the laws of inheritance.