Introduction:
Menopause is one of the most striking events occurring during women’s life which holds intrinsic clinical and public health interest due to its related complications. It considered as an important marker of aging and health in women (1,2).
Increasing life expectance result in an increase in postmenopausal women population worldwide .It is estimated that mentioned population is expected to increase to 1200 million by 2030.From this population 76% will be from developing countries(3).
Postmenopausal women are at risk of many chronic disorders including cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoporosis and consequently higher rate of morbidity and mortality (4).
Osteoporosis is a common asympstomatic postmenopausal disease that has
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With regard to the fact that routine mammography is performed in all menopause women as a screening tool, determination of the relation between BAC and bone density of this high risk population, could help us to determine those with osteoporosis. Early diagnosis and treatment of this group of patients consequently reduce its related complications and improves public health. The importance of the issue would become more prominent by understanding the fact that the elderly population of our community is growing and it is estimated that in coming 20 years the elderly population be increasing three times(16). The aim of this study was to investigate mentioned probable relation between BAC and osteoporosis.
Methods:
In this cross sectional study, menopause women referred to radiologic department of Seyed ol shohada hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, for annual screening mammography were enrolled.
Inclusion criteria were; age >45 years, BMI 19.8-30,normal process of menopause, not using hormone replacement therapy during previous 6 months, non hypertensive and having normal dietary habit.
The protocol of study was approved by Regional Bioethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Research project number ;). Written informed consent was obtained from all selected patients
Those with history of liver, cardiac,
The risk for women developing heart disease involves contributing factors that can be associated with age, weight, and diet. After menopause women are more likely to develop heart conditions that
EP seems concerned about the hormonal therapy (HT) due to risks involved with HT such as strokes, blood clots, and breast cancer. However, the provider should educate her on the benefits of HT, since it is considered the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms. Benefits of HT include easing of hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal dryness. HT can be prescribed as a short-term treatment with a low-dose of estrogen therapy (ET) such as an oral Ethinyl estradiol 0.025 mg daily, if she has undergone hysterectomy. If EP still have her uterus, estrogen/progestogen therapy (EPT) is recommended and she can take Prempro, combined therapy containing 0.625mg conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) + 2.5mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) daily. The doses can be adjusted according to the symptoms after one month of therapy (Elder & Thacker,
The people most affected by this are postmenopausal women. Although anyone over the age of
As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1
Women health differs from men’s in very unique ways. Women health includes birth control, sexually transmitted infections, gynecology, breast cancer, and many other areas. With age, a woman body goes through many changing throughout her life span. Some may include muscles becoming more less flexible, skin losing elasticity, body functions moving more slowly, and change in perception. With that being said, there have been many changes that has occurred within society and women’s health overall.
Although many physicians question the effectiveness of plant hormones, Bettina ensures that their patients respond positively to treatment. The gynecologist Elisa Amelia Sidle, Hospital Leonor Mendes de Barros, in Sao Paulo, warns that there is no research proving the benefits of is flavones in terms of prevention. The ideal is to begin to prevent the arrival of 40 years?. She also recommends two annual visits to the gynecologist to monitor changes resulting from menopause, such as hormonal changes, diabetes and bone density
The age range 50-69 is where mortality rate reduction was seen at its greatest. The main evidence used in favour for breast screening and Forrest report came from the studies and randomised control trials conducted in Sweden.
While 'male menopause' has provided both sexes a variety of jokes and frustration, there are researchers and scientists studying the alleged condition with great seriousness. Those who support the existence of male menopause feel strongly that its affects on the male mind and body should be regarded with the same credence that society attributes to the female menopause.
Menopause is a transitional phase that every woman must endure. The affects that hormonal changes create during this transition can produce feelings of sadness and irritability. Menopause can be viewed as closing a chapter of life and eagerly awaiting the finale. A new beginning or a time of frustration; this transition can only be defined by the individual experiencing this phase.
The post-menopausal women may exhibit a syndrome called MTX-osteopathy, where the bone density becomes very low.
· Menopause is the time in a woman’s life when the function of the ovaries ceases.
Hypertension, with a higher occurrence in women than in men, may appear as an isolated disease, more typical of elderly women, or as part of the metabolic syndrome (MS), more frequently in early postmenopausal women. In fact, data demonstrate that postmenopausal
The menopause occurs as average at age 51, though the inheritance, as investigated in twins and mother-daughter studies, seems to play its own definite but still barely understood role (Van Kasteren et al., 1999; Marozzi, 2000). The premature ovarian insufficiency is a continuum disorder characterized by a follicular dysfunction and/or depletion of primordial follicles before age 40, leading to infertility (~1% of the population). Once diagnosed POI patients have only 25 IU/L twice in more than 4 weeks apart), low AMH and oestrogen levels (and associated osteoporosis) (Goswami and Conway, 2007). Moreover, POI is present in ~15 to 21% of female carriers of the premutation (Wittenberger et al., 2007; Liu and Cox,
These positions differ every few years based on evidence to support or refute previously held recommendations like cooling techniques for hot flashes, which was rescinded in the 2015 position statement ("Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society," 2015). Turning points are experiences that represent a substantial change and lead to a new pathway (Glen H. Elder & Rockwell, 1979). Entering menopause is a turning point for many women, especially if onset signifies changes in their domestic roles or societal expectations. The timing of an event, or when in life something occurs, matters. The timing of menopause occurrence is typically in middle-age and may coincide with career changes, grandparenthood, or other new life trajectory. If, however, menopause onset was unexpectedly early, this may disrupt a woman’s reproductive plans and suddenly bring upon the transition to menopause. The life course perspective emphasizes understanding the life course within larger structures of time and history (Glen H. Elder & Rockwell,
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is one of the treatment options that can help to relief some of the postmenopausal symptoms in women due to decreased estrogen, and progesterone, such as hot flushes, insomnia, and mood swing to mention but a few. Also, elderly men can benefit from increased testosterone and improved sexual function. However, increase in body fat index, reduced immunity and bone mineral density, and loss of muscle mass and strength are some of the physiological changes associated with declining hormonal level (Makinen & Huhtaniemi, 2011). Although hormone replacement therapy is beneficial to both men and women, but some comorbidities and adverse reactions/hypersensitivity from the drug might contraindicate its use. Alternatively, non-hormonal medication should be used to relief some of the signs and symptoms associated with the physiological changes.