Mental Disorders: A Case Study Of Keisha

AT is a 22-year-old female who presents for treatment of depression. Psychosocial predisposing factors include growing with strict and controlling father who is dismissive of her views and choices. Her mother used to be busy with work, yet she made herself available much to her, and her brother cared of his sister who is 10 years older than her. Furthermore, when she was 8-year-old her brother used to take her for parks, activities, CNE to play with him and she experienced that as a great support.

Based on the DSM-V (2013) diagnostic criteria Keisha experiences Persistent Depressive Disorder 300.4 (F34.1), recurrent, moderate, with early onset. The client experiences the following symptoms: depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated by either subjective accounts (e.g., feels sad, worthless and hopeless) or observation by others (e.g. appears sad, cries), for at least one year (she is an adolescent). In addition, while depressed, there is a presence of the following symptoms: the client experiences poor appetite, she is eating one or two meals per day and lost ten pounds in one year. Keisha also experiences hypersomnia nearly every day by sleeping twelve or more hours per night. The client reports low energy/fatigue very often, even though she is sleeping well during the night. During the one year period of disturbance, the individual has never been without the symptoms in criteria A and B for more than two months at a time. In addition, the criteria for a major depressive disorder has been continuously present for one year. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode, and criteria have never been met for cyclothymic disorder. Furthermore, the disturbance is not better explained by a persistent schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, or other specified or

Psych: The patient states that she is depressed due to “falling apart” and anxious about dying. Denies suicidal thoughts, memory loss and confusion.

Jennifer meets the diagnostic criteria of development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor within 3 months, has marked distress that is out of proportion to the severity of the stress, has significant impairment in social, occupational, and other functioning areas, and symptoms do not represent normal bereavement. Jennifer would not meet the criteria that the

Mental illness is a popular ill among all ages of people, it can happen in kids, adult or in senior. In fact, 20% of Canadians will personally experience in their lifetime (Canada Mental Health Association, n.d.). But all among of those mental illness we’re going to talk about depression. Depression is an extremely complex disease and it can be really bad especially for people who are expected to focus during class, be confident and social outside of school, and successfully plan their futures, depression it can be devastating for these people. Even mental experts have a belief that’s teens suffering from untreated depression are up to 12 times more likely to commit suicide (Marsico, 2012, p16). The main purpose of making this report is to

The evaluator measured the grief/depression levels in January 2017 by using a One- Group Pretest-Posttest Design (Evidence Based Research), this questionnaire has shown more effective when introduced in the English

Persistent Depressive Disorder is a milder form of major depressive disorder that’s called dysthymia. Dysthymia is mild and nagging and lasts for years. Complaints of depression are usually intertwined with their personality structure, and that can come off as whining and complaining. Even though it is not as severe as major depressive disorder, depressed mood and low self-esteem can affect the persons social and occupational functioning. In Brian’s case, it is reported that he does have depressed moods, and low self-esteem but it is more severe then dysthymia.

The symptoms of normal and complicated grief lie on a continuum and mostly differ in intensity (Horowitz et al., 1993, as cited by Lichtenthal et al., 2004). However, other criteria can be used to differentiate between the symptoms, such as duration, intensity, differential symptoms and disruption of function (Stroebe et al., 2000, as cited by Lichtenthal et al., 2004). It is then stated that CG is referred to as ‘complicated’ as the disorder is uncertain and impact negatively on daily life (Prigerson et al., 1995, as cited by Lichtenthal et al., 2004). The review then describes the criteria of which potential symptoms of CG were to be assessed, in the initial stages. This included: grief symptoms must persist for over 2 months, be triggered by the death of a significant other, related to extended functional impairment and experienced by the top 20% of the

The DSM IV TR categorized as a separate, time limited state, while it may have the same symptoms of major depression present. It’s actually an exclusion criterion for a diagnosis of major depression within the 2 months after a lost. Not being able to accurately diagnose major depression within the first 2 months of bereavement may have significant consequences, such as inhibiting treatment referrals or insurances reimbursement. Bereavement is V code which the treatment is not often covered by insurance companies. For example Zisook, Shear and Kendler (2007) have challenged this exclusion. These author found no difference in the depressive symptomatology amongst bereaved and non-bereave within the first 2 months. Similarly, Wakefield, Schmitz, First, and Horwitz (2007) did not find any differences between what would be considered complicated bereavement (major depression beyond 2 months after the loss of a loved one) and depression following another form of loss (e.g., occupational, financial,

In lieu of those similarities, both concepts were used in combination for a diagnosis.(Boelen & Prigerson, 2007). Even through the efforts of Horowitz et al.(1997), Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) was not added to the DSM-V but was recognized as a syndrome. Past DSM’s had denied a diagnosis of major depressive disorder if related to bereavement, as it was considered natural to

296.32 (F33.1) Major Depressive Disorder, recurrent episode, moderate severity, with anxious distress. Ms. Client meets eight of the nine diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Specifically, during several periods of time she experienced depressed mood, diminished interest in things she enjoyed to do, hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, decreased concentration, and suicidal thoughts without intent. Additionally, as Ms. Client expressed, these symptoms are source of continuing distress and interfere with her academics and social functioning. Also, her symptoms started four years prior to the psychological assessment and persisted intermittently since then, lasting for several weeks to several months, with the most recent period of extended length (enduring two weeks) approximately one year ago. Since the last episode she has experienced these symptoms for two to three days at a time. Although the last episode that met the criterion of two weeks duration occurred approximately a year ago, the symptoms have not disappeared, but they occur periodically since then and when they do, they cause considerable distress and impairment in functioning. Thus, the disorder cannot be coded as ‘in partial or full remission’. The specifier ‘with anxious distress’ was given, because Ms. Client reports feelings of difficulty in concentration because of worry and restlessness.

Over the years, Dysthymia has been misdiagnosed and mistaken for depression by professionals in the psychology field (Gubin and Sultanov, 2012). Alexandrova argued that there has been a lack of research done for those who have been diagnosed with drug addiction and Dysthymic Disorder (as cited in Gubin and Sultanov, p. 64). If Dysthymic Disorder

The good news is also that the increasing societal awareness and research has developed effective treatment options that can be implemented into a school setting. Cognitive-behavioral therapy provides the basis for most of these intervention style treatments, based on the assumption that “dysfunctional thinking can be changed and, in turn, lead to symptomatic relief and improvement in functioning” (Craske, 2010, p. 49). Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on overriding the automatic mal-adaptive pathways of depressed thought, or “functions at the conscious level to effect changes in the preconscious level” (Craske, 2010, p. 49). Essentially, it gives the depressed person strategies to counter the initial processing of the depressed brain

Major life stressors, chronic illness, medications, and relationship or work problems may cause Dysthymia. Now that you know a little bit more about Dysthymia, you are probably wondering, what are some of the symptoms? Some of the symptoms of Dysthymia are: sadness or depressed mood most of the day or almost everyday, loss of enjoyment of things that were once pleasurable, major change in weight ( weight loss or gaining weight), insomnia or excessive sleep throughout the day, Fatigue, feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness or guilt almost everyday, thoughts about death or suicide. Now that you know some of the symptoms of Dysthymia, you might wonder, How are you diagnosed with it? A mental health specialist or a psychologist, generally makes the diagnosis based on the symptoms of the person. There is no blood, x-ray, or any other lab test that can find out if you have Dysthymia. Now that that’s clear, the final question is… Is it curable!? Although Dysthymia is a severe illness; it is also very treatable. As with any chronic illnesses, early diagnosis and medical treatment may reduce the intensity and duration of symptoms, and also reduce the likelihood of it developing into major depression. To treat Dysthymia doctors may use psychotherapy, more commonly known as, seeing a therapist, along with taking antidepressants. Dysthymia can be treated by a primary care physician. Now, last but not least is “Genetic Depression”. It has been known that depressive illness can run in families. Genes that we inherit from our parents can determine lots of things such as gender, hair and eye color. Our genes also determine which illnesses we may be vulnerable to at some point in our lives. Every cell in our body contains around 50,000 to 100,000 genes. They are all made up of DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are located on chromosomes within the nucleus of

Mr. X appears to suffer from dysthymic disorder because of reported feelings of depressed mood for most of the day, and for most days than not, for at least 2 years (Butcher J.N., Mineka S., Hooley. J.M, 2008). He reports cognitive symptoms of sadness, pessimism, and inferiority. Stressful dating situations, marital problems, and unhappy work environment all contributed to his unhappiness. Unhappiness with himself, pessimistic view, and no social support contributed to his depression as