Mentally Effective Ndf ( Pendf ) And Rumen Degraded Starch ( Rds )

Dietary fiber is a source of carbohydrate that has benefits for intestinal health. It plays a role in the prevention of disease in the intestine and even throughout the body, such as obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (10). Furthermore, when the bacteria in the gut ferment the fiber, metabolites are produced, which benefit the body. Short chain fatty acids are one major end product of this carbohydrate metabolism, which act to lower the colon’s pH, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria from growing. Some other metabolites include lactate, succinate and formate. Lactate is converted to butyrate by the bacteria in the gut, which induces mucin synthesis, which is a glycoprotein that maintains the gut epithelium integrity. Butyrate also acts to prevent bacterial transport across the epithelium and increases tight junction assembly (11). What this means, is that the fermentation of fiber allows these beneficial metabolites to be produced, causing a cascade of reactions that promote health and gut integrity. This shows the complex beneficial interaction between gut microbiota and fiber intake and its role in promoting health.

When it comes to feeding show cattle many raisers have certain feeding strategies that they follow, ensuring they can maintain their goal on winning. Along with feeding it takes exercise so that one’s show calf will not become stout nor stubborn. Certain aspects are necessary to show an animal

With the beef industry being of such importance to the agriculture industry as a whole any practice to help sustain cattle gaining weight and lessen the effects of parasites both internally and externally should be in any health management plan for any heard. As multiple types of internal and external parasites could be competing with the animal directly for nutrients that could be going to the animals body condition score, the fetus that the animal is raising inside of her or the colostrum that the animal is trying to produce for the calf as soon as it is born. If deworming correlates to E.coli numbers in fecal material of the animal then such case could benefit everyone from the producer to the consumer as the animal is sent through the system from the

When eating anything, most people check the labels to see what the food all consists of. Just like when eating hamburger, some people may want to know if the hamburger came from grass-fed or grain-fed cattle. Depending on the person, they might prefer one over the other. Some people may think that one tastes better than the other or they may just think it is healthier. Not only might the meat coming from the cattle be affected, but also the milk coming from a cow. Either way, further explanations for grass-fed vs. grain-fed cattle will be discussed in this paper.

To minimize the N.E.B the cow should be in the correct body condition before calving down, a score of 3.0 is appropriate. If the cow is too fat the she will not have the appetite to eat in early lactation which will affect the peak milk yield. It is key that the food intake is maximized post calving therefore the cow should have ad libitum access to forage at all time, the forage should also be of a high quality in early lactation, this is not as important when you move down the cycle. To overcome any limitations of forage concentrates like Molasses and Maize should also be used. A good concentrate mix for a dairy cow should contain starch sources of varying degradabilites, Molasses is rapidly degradable source while maize is a slowly degradable source of starch. There are two methods for feeding concentrates, in parlour and out of parlour. In parlour feeding systems the parlours are fitted with concentrate dispensing hoppers which dispense into the feed manger. A cow will receive 5kg per milking while a heifer will receive 4kg per milking. Out of parlour feeding is where feed is given out by transponders, in small amounts very often. Picture 1 shows an in parlour feeder system.

Horses are monogstric animals with a relatively small stomach. From the horse’s mouth to their large intestine, their gastrointestinal tract is similar to that of a human’s. However, past the cecum, a horse’s gastrointestinal tract is more similar to a cow’s [3]. A horse’s gastrointestinal tract can be divided into three segments: foregut, midgut, and hindgut [4]. The foregut consists of the esophagus and stomach. Once food has passed through the stomach, it enters the small intestine (midgut): duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, which join the hindgut, cecum, colon, and rectum, at the ileocecal junction. The small intestine and stomach can almost receive a continuous flow of food [3]. The cecum is a large fermentation vat located on the right side of the animal. Carbohydrates fermented by fibrolytic bacteria produce volatile fatty acids, which account for 60-70% of the their energy. However, in modern management practices, horse owners and equine caretakers do not let horses graze like they naturally should; therefore, they substitute the horse’s diet with grains and fats, which the horse is not designed to properly digest. This unbalanced feeding regimen causes numerous digestive disturbances [3].

dictated how we cultivate, process and prepare the food we eat. The commonly eaten corn-fed meat has an abundance of saturated fat while containing less healthy omega-3 fatty acids. There is a prevalence of heart disease when there is too high a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3. This ratio has increased from 1 to 1 to an alarming 10 to 1 in the contemporary diet of many Americans. Just as concerning is the fact the cattle develop resistant strains of bacteria as a result of including corn in cattle feed. Consequently, becoming resistant by the use of antibiotics, such as Tylosin which is used to prevent bloat, which results from feeding cattle with corn, which leads to the development

It is seen throughout cows and pigs, as well. These ghastly descriptions are shown throughout A Cornucopia of Choices. Cows thrive off of a grass based diet,

This is because it is high in tannin. Tannin is a naturally occurring compound that is very slow to digest. This slow digestion releases gasses slowly from the gut of the cow, greatly reducing the risk of bloat. This feature is great because beef producers can graze their cattle on the after feed, or even before it is cut. Also because of this, many people will plant sainfoin in a grass mix as CRP. Although it is more expensive seed than alfalfa, it costs less to produce because it needs considerably less water and practically no herbicides or pesticides. The lowere cost to produce means the hay can be sold cheaper than alfalfa hay, gaining the attention of many horse people in Montana and Idaho. There is no evidence that it would help, but logic suggests this hay would be good to feed to horses prone to colic. Some research is currently being done to test this

1998). The amount of the n-6 PUFA group remains similar in both diets, with grain-fed cattle having a bit more, however, amounts of the n-3 PUFA group change increasing from 100% to 400% in grass-fed cattle due increases in linolenic acid. (Enser et al. 1998; Descalzo et al. 2005). This results in an n-6/n-3 ratio between 3.72 and 4.13 in grass-fed cattle, versus 5.73 and 6.56 in grain-fed, where a lower ratio is considered more beneficial (Descalzo et al. 2005). In general, the percentage of PUFA decreased from a range of 8.68% to 10.31% in grass-fed cattle to 7.29% to 8.19% (of total FA) in grain fed cattle. PUFAs are known to reduce LDL oxidation, and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of coronary events, and hence also affirm the notion of grass fed being healthier (Mata et al.

Digestion is the result of competition between the rates of digestion and passage. As passage rate increases, the digesta flowing from the rumen will contain greater amounts of undigested feed particles, resulting in a lower DMD (Varga and Kolver, 1997). Mwenya et al. (2003) in comparing indigenous fat-tailed and Dorper sheep found that Dorper sheep had significantly (P<0.05) in Dorper than in Merino sheep and this occurred when fed the lower quality, wheaten chaff diet. Therefore glucose synthesis may potentially be higher in Dorper compared to Merino sheep. This is an important finding and this may have contributed to the superior production responses reported by several researchers including Scanlon et al. (2013) of Dorper compared to Merino sheep, especially when fed on low quality, roughage

Abd El-Shaffy and G. A. Abd El-Rahman.  El-Nor, Khalif and El-Shaffy are from the Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.  Khattab and El-Sayed are from the Animal Production Department Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra Al-Kheimah, Cairo, Egypt.  The last author El-Rahman is from the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University.  All that was just listed was the source of authority that these authors have in their country.  These authors or professors are well-prepared to write about this topic because they talk about the whole experiment.  They inform the reader about what was done in the experiment and what came out of the experiment.  This article came from Revista Veterinaria.  The intended readers are possibly Buffalo breeders to see what is the best way to feed the calf and what milk is the most nutritious.  Also people that are interested in this topic can read this article as well.  There

Hess, T. Hubbell, D. Hufstedler, G. D. Fieser, and B. Caldwel set out on their research to analyze the additive effects of growth promoting technologies on performance of grazing steers and economics of the wheat pasture enterprise. The objective of this research was designed to evaluate the effect of monensin (Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) supplementation via mineral or pressed protein block with or without a growth promoting implant on the performance of steers grazing wheat pasture. Through this study they were able to look at the effects of these two mineral supplements, with or without steroid implants, on ADG. To do this, they set up three treatment groups: one on a non medicated mineral, which was the control (CNTRL); another on a medicated mineral of 1.78 g monensin/kg, which was group RMIN; and the third group on a protein packed mineral with 0.33 g monensin/kg, which was group RBLCK. Each of these groups were divided in half and implants were put in one-half. There was a total of 360 animals used in the experiment over the course of two years, 120 each spring, and 60 each fall. These were then split equally into the three groups, CNTRL, RMIN, and RBLCK. These groups were each split again with implants put in half of the animals in each group. These groups were then left on pasture for the duration of the test with free access to the mineral supplement of their group. Weights were collected before and after the designated time spent on pasture. From this, they could calculate the ADG of the different groups. They then compared the difference in ADG between CNTRL, RMIN, and RBLCK as seen in table

Descriptive statistics are shown in Table 1 and 2. Ham was the largest primal cut for both breeds, and loin was the smallest. Loin and ham was also the primal cuts with largest differences between breeds where Duroc had the largest ham, and Landrace the largest loin. Duroc had also a slightly smaller belly and larger shoulder compared to Landrace. Landrace showed the largest variance in primal cut proportions. Duroc had a lower CLMP compared to Landrace, and this was reflected in the LMP within each primal cut where the largest differences were seen for LMP within loin and ham. Duroc had larger variation in lean content (%) in loin, shoulder and belly compared to Landrace. Further, Duroc had a lower measure for loin depth and a higher measure

The animal performance also can be improved when the feed are more uniformed in size and shape compared to powder diet, so they can be taken easily by the animals due to their high density. The feed also become more compact of the nutrients and energy that will make the size of the animals become increased rapidly. The size of the pellet become uniform in size and shape is due to the feed pellet mill that functions as to make the ingredients to become a pellet. The feed machine also function to decreased feed wastage because of the pelleting process prevents the segregation of ingredients in a mixing, handling or feeding process, so animals can take in all the nutrition contained in the feed. Other than that, the heat generated from the pelleting process in conditioning and pelleting make the feedstuffs more digestible by breaking down the starches. From this situation, the pellet will become more palatable to the animals. After that, feed machine also can reduce the selective feeding among the animals because of most of the ingredients of the formulation had already in the