Merrill Syndrome : Lynch Syndrome

The Ministry of Health has contributed almost $40 million dollars, over the past four years, towards the development and implementation of the National Bowel Screening Programme (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2016a). The aim of this is to develop a programme to regularly screen people who are considered a ‘high risk’ for developing colorectal cancer. People considered to be at a high risk for developing colorectal cancer are those of advancing age (60+), previous colonic polyps, a diabetes diagnosis, and those who have a previous family history of colorectal cancer (Brenner, Zwink, Ludwig & Hoffmeister, 2017, p.95; Dallas, 2017; Engelke, 2016).

Colon cancer is a condition in which polyps form in the lining of the colon (large intestine).

What is Mr. Watt’s risk factors related to colon cancer? Consider all aspects of his health, his family history and his culture.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic disease that can be inherited. If a person has FAP, they are likely to get colorectal cancer. If FAP is not treated, there is about a 100% chance you will receive colorectal cancer. FAP produces growths with mucus on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. The growths are called polyps. You can get between 100 and 1000 polyps in just 10 years. The genetic test that they run for FAP is a blood screening test for the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. The blood test is for checking for a mutation in the APC gene. If the results are positive, closely related family members should be tested too. You should also be tested if colon cancer is hereditary, or if you have a history of more than

Moore, S. W. (2009). Developmental genes and cancer in children. Pediatric. Blood Cancer, 52(7), 755-760. doi:10.1002/pbc.21831. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165888

Imagine having an almost 100% chance of developing colon cancer. That is what people are told with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) if they do not have their over 100 polyps, or growths, removed. FAP is a genetic disorder where normal cells that line your large intestine can grow into cancerous tumors. These tumors must be removed before they become cancerous. This disorder is passed down from parents on the APC gene which is on your fifth chromosome. If the APC gene is mutated you are more likely to develop these growths which lead to cancer in your lifetime. This disorder has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means if either parent has just one dominant mutated APC gene you have a 50% chance of inheriting it. Symptoms of FAP do not just include the growths in your colon. They can also include skin changes, osteomas or bone growths, and extra or missing teeth.

Lynch syndrome (LS) is a genetic disorder which increases the risk for other types of cancers and can have

You have a family history of colorectal cancer or other kinds of colon-related issues, like polyps or colitis.

Maori aged 60-69 years were 1.5 times more likely to have an adenoma detected than Europeans of the same age (Ministry of Health, 2015). Maori were almost 1.5 times more likely to have an advanced adenoma detected than Europeans (Ministry of Health, 2015). Asians were over 1.5 times less likely to have an advanced adenoma detected than Europeans (Ministry of Health, 2015). There was a recommendation that Asians were less likely and Maori were more likely than Europeans to have neoplasia detected, but this was not statistically significant (Ministry of Health, 2015). Asians were less likely than Europeans to have either advanced adenoma or colorectal cancer detected (Ministry of Health, 2015). The Positive Predictive Values for adenoma and advanced adenoma was lower for females than males (Ministry of Health, 2015). The PPV for adenoma was about 1.5 times less for Asians

Squamous cell carcinomas cancer is the most common colon cancer in the United States. It is located within the anal canal and around its walls. This sparks my interest because it is quite odd to me that cancer could occur in the anal canal or outside of it. It really shows how cancer can literally occur anywhere in the body. Even Though it is located in the anal canal, the cause of colorectal cancer is usually due to many other reasons that has nothing to do with the colon itself. These causes are the amount of exercise a person have, any smoking or drinking, even if the person is overweight, or attaining HPV. There are also many causes that can not be changed by your lifestyle, for example if you have the genes to have colorectal cancer or

The “Hereditary Cancer” article is about the general cancer and different type of cancers. The article provides information about cancer, hereditary cancer, particularly, as well as how hereditary cancer is different from sporadic cancer, and how to prevent this group of diseases, based on the signs experienced in the body. Moreover, hereditary cancer is the cancer being inherent from parents or past family members and plays a small role in developing a risk for cancer possibility, unlike sporadic cancer.

Lynch syndrome is a cancer that can lead to colon cancer and other deadly cancers. The major causes of lynch syndrome is MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, APC, BMPR1A, MUTYM, PTEN, SMAD4, STK11, TP55, EPCAM. People have a high risk of large bowel cancer as well as cancer of the endometrium, stomach, small bowel, upper urinary tract, ovaries, and the brain.

This condition is known as the familial adenomatous polyposis which one of the main precursors to the development of colorectal cancer (P, 2013). This condition is inherited and is as a result of a genetic mutation in the gene that codes for the APC protein (a tumour suppressor gene). It starts out as a benign tumour but has the tendency to progress onto a malignant form as in the case of our patient. (Flemming et al., 2012).

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) suppressor gene on the long arm of chromosome 5 (Kennedy, Potter, Moir, & El-Youssef, 2014). Patients diagnosed with FAP had more than a hundred adenomatous polyps in their large intestine. FAP is dominantly inherited and is close to 100% penetrant (Hegde, Ferber, Mao, Samowitz, & Ganguly, 2014). Therefore, it is essential to have knowledge of the disease in advance in order to have sufficient medical preparation and family planning before the onset of the disease.

Colon cancer has an excellent prognosis when diagnosed early, with 92 percent of patients living longer than five years who were diagnosed during Stage 1. Preventing colon cancer through a healthy diet and getting regular colonoscopies is crucial in diagnosing the cancer at an early stage.