Mesorectal Fascia

In the course of recent years we have made incredible advances in the analysis of colon and rectal ailment. On the off chance that you are mature enough you may review or knew about people experiencing an inflexible extension exam in the specialists facility called an unbending sigmoidoscopy. This study uncovered just the last 1/3 of the colon and totally missed injuries in most of the colon. In spite of the fact that it was exceptionally simple it served us well for a long time.

The purpose of the screening programme is to catch the cancer earlier when treatment regimens are more effective. When comparing screening, treatment and support services for cancer; colorectal cancer has been considered as a second-class cancer (Carville, 2014). Cancers such as breast, prostate and cervical all have public awareness campaigns and there are advertisements raising awareness, however bowel cancer is unseen and not talked about, therefore results in a later diagnosis and treatment is more invasive and less successful (Taylor, Bradshaw, Walker & Wood, 2013,

We studied the correlation between the micro-vascular density and pathological tumor staging that revealed high positive correlation between MVD and tumor stage was observed (r = 0.606, p = 0.001). From the ROC curve, by applying the cut off value =37.63 MVD, the higher MVD above the cut off

Colorectal cancer mainly starts at colon or the rectum. They are common in most of the way like features, but they have different treatment. What is the different between colon cancer and rectum cancer? Colon cancer happens first four to five feet of the large intestine and rectal cancer happens in the last few inches of the large intestine where it is connected to anus.

The M category tells whether there are distant metastases (spread of cancer to other parts of body).

In this essay I will be discussing the current recommendations for large bowel screening, to diagnose bowel cancer, including those categorised as high risk. I will also be discussing the role of imaging in the initial diagnosis and the subsequent follow up.

Abdominal ultrasound is sometimes used for quick and cheap first examinations. If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis they may do a biopsy by fine needle aspiration. Pancreatic cancer is usually staged after a ct scan is done. The staging system is four stages,from early to advanced and based on TNM classification.TNM stands for Tumor size, spread to lymph nodes,and metastasis. Based on if surgical removal seems possible,the tumors are divided into three broader categories to help decide treatment. Tumors are resectable, borderline resectable or undetectable. If the disease is still in an early stage(stage 1 or 2) surgical resection of the tumor can be performed. Stage 3 tumors can be borderline resectable where surgery can technically still be done or unresectable where its to locally advanced. Stage 1 cancer is only found in the pancreas. Stage 1 is divided into a and b stages based on tumor size. Stage 1a is when the tumor is no bigger than 2 cm. Stage 1b is when the tumor is bigger than 2 cm. The second stage is when the cancer could have spread to nearby tissue and organs, and may have also spread to the lymph nodes near the

The localized stage is stage where cancer is only found in the part of the body where it originated from (Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program, n.d.). In Virginia, 39% of colorectal cancers are detected at the localized stage (Cancer in Virginia, 2014). The 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey reported that 69% of Virginia adults age 50 or older reported that they have had a colon cancer screening (Cancer in Virginia, 2014).

- The TNM classification is to describe the seriousness and characteristics of a patient’s cancer. T describes the measurements of the tumor. N stands for whether or not the cancer has started to develop in the lymph nodes. M is used for to determine if the cancer has moved from the original site to another location.

Anogenital cancer (rectal, anal, anal canal, anorectum, penis and other genital) rates are on the rise with 27,660 estimated new male cases and 710 estimated male deaths in the United States last year alone.1 Currently, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends vaccination in the men who have sex with men (MSM) population up to age 26 if they had not received it when they were younger.2 There are no current recommendations for this population who are greater than age 26 who have not previously received the vaccine. As age of an individual and number of lifetime sexual partners increases, the risk of developing anal cancer also increases. Men who have had >15 sexual partners during their lifetime show an increase in risk of developing anal cancer (OR=5.3; 95% CI, 2.4-12.0). Additionally, men who practice receptive anal intercourse is independently related to an increased risk of developing anal cancer (OR=6.8; 95% CI 1.4-33.8).3

One of the important markers of tumor grade and invasiveness is vascular proliferation, which was mainly identified by invasive biopsy now they found a noninvasive surrogate by which can be non-invasively measured using MRI.

But if the tumor is not seen in the MRI (when tumor size ≤ 3 mm in

Cancer of the anal canal accounts for 1-2% of GI tumors (6), 2-4% of colon, rectal, and anal tumors (6), and 0.5% of all malignancies (7). Although relatively rare, incidence rates have more than doubled in the U.S. from 0.8 per 100,000 in 1975 to 1.9/100,000 in 2014 (7). In the U.S. in 2017, SEER predicts 8,200 new cases and 1,100 deaths from anal cancer (7). There exists a higher incidence for women (2.1/100,000) than men (1.5/100,000) (7). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for roughly 85% of anal cancers followed by adenocarcinoma (10%) with the remainder composed of rarer histologies (melanoma, carcinoid, lymphoma, neuroendocrine, sarcoma) (8). The 5-year relative survival is estimated to be 66.9% (7).

Our study showed that 4% (2/50) of the cases in the rectal cancer group versus 30% (15/50) of the cases in the anal cancer group had adjacent organ invasion. Ghieda et al. revealed that 12% (3/25) of the cases of rectal adenocarcinoma had invasion of the adjacent organs [20].

However, the methods were unsatisfactory in visualizing the lesions which are present on the small bowels. The limitations like long duration of the procedure