Meta Analytic Connectivity Of Bilateral Thalamus

The system consists of the eyes where the information is collected, geniculate lateral nucleus and visual cortex. The visual cortex could be subdivided into the primary visual cortex and the striate cortex. This sensory system is located at the back of a brain parts of which are located in both hemispheres. Recent studies obtained a sufficient amount of information in order to construct the two-stream hypothesis, which describes the ventral and dorsal streams. The ventral stream begins at the primary visual cortex and goes to the inferior temporal cortex. Main functional responsibilities of this area include identification of objects and the emergence of the long-term memory the origins of which are placed in this area (Rauschecker, Josef P and Sophie K. Scott 722). Dorsal stream also begins at the primary visual cortex and ends at the posterior parietal cortex. It is mainly responsible for the body part control required in order to manipulate an object. The research shows that these "what" and "why" systems are not directly related, and the damage in one affect the other only to a certain extent. It could be explained by the fact that that input is transformed differently via action and

Wolff M, Alcaraz F, Marchand AR, Coutureau E. Functional heterogeneity of the limbic thalamus: From hippocampal to cortical functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;54:120-130.

Dopamine limits and selects sensory information from the thalmus. The parietal lobe also deals with movement, along with orientation, recognition, and perception of stimuli. This cortical region is the main sensory area for the sense of touch, major inputs from the skin relay from the thalmus to the parietal lobe. All visual processes are carried out in the occipital lobe (true to its name), and the temporal lobe is associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech. The temporal lobe is responsible for deriving meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memories, language comprehension, and emotional association. Together these areas of the brain control the body through the CNS (central nervous system). Every bodily function needed to sustain life is initiated first through these primary sensory areas, making the brain of course the most important muscle in the

Within the subcortical structures, underneath the cortex, are the thalamus, amygdala, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, and cerebellum. These structures provide all sensory and motor responses, emotional and social responses, and support memory recognition.

The PFC, the rostralmost region of the frontal lobe, as part of neural circuits that include other cortical and subcortical regions, is widely regarded as the neural substrate for many executive functions (EFs), at least some of which are impaired in ASB. EFs include working memory, planning, decision-making and inhibition (Eslinger,

It also showed low activity in the frontal lobe (Coon, Denise and Mitterer, John O).The frontal lobe is responsible for movement, social skills, planning, emotions, behavior, thoughts, and focus. Reduction of the temporal lobe areas, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, superior temporal gyri, prefrontal cortex, thalamus, anterior cingulate, and corpus callosum have been seen (Javitt, Daniel C.). The temporal lobe is responsible for memory, behavior, language, hearing, and the ability to recognize a person, place, or thing. Over activeness of dopamine system, serotonin, glutamine and amino butyric acid can also be the cause of

The thalamus is similar to a doctor that diagnoses, or identifies, a patient's disease or sickness. It diagnoses different sensory information that is being transmitted to the brain including auditory (relating to hearing or sound), visual, tactile (relating to touch), and gustatory (relating to taste) signals. After that, it directs the sensory information to the different parts and lobes of the cortex. If this part of the brain is damaged, all sensory information would not be processed and sensory confusion would result.

The thalamus is made up of bilateral egg-shaped nuclei, that in turn form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle; this makes up 80% of the diencephalon. The thalamus is thought of as a kind of hub of information, as it acts as a relay between the cerebral cortex and the different subcortical areas. The function of the thalamus is to input information from the anterior nuclei to the cerebral cortex that help to regulate the visceral and emotional function from the hypothalamus, to pass of instructions from the cerebellum

The diencephalon encloses the third ventricle and is located in the forebrain. The major subdivisions that make up this structure are the thalamus, hypothalamus and the epithalamus. The thalamus is important in which it serves as a sensory and motor station within the brain. It receives sensory information and relays it to the cerebral cortex for interpretation. The thalamus also functions to regulate sleep patterns and control human consciousness and wakefulness. The thalamic nuclei have connections with the cerebral cortex in which they work together to fulfill the role of alertness. The hypothalamus is associated with the autonomic nervous system as well as the endocrine system. In the autonomic system, it serves as an involuntary system

Each individual piece has its own job, that not only controls our emotional being but also mental functions like learning and formation of memories. The amygdala controls the emotion center of the brain. The hypothalamus and thalamus are related with changes in emotional reactivity. The hippocampus plays the essential role of forming new memories about past experiences. The basal ganglia is a group of nuclei lying deep in the subcortical white matter of the frontal lobes that arrange motor behavior and coordinate rule-based, habit learning. The cingulate gyrus coordinates sights and smells with pleasant memories, regulates aggressive behavior, and induces emotional reactions to

The thalamus, which is located above the brainstem, sorts and distributes data. It sorts sensory information as being visual, tactile, auditory, or gustatory, then sends it to different locations within the cortex.

The brain is often considered the most complex organ in the human body. It is also the most difficult to understand, given the vast array of different functions spread throughout its mass and the interconnected functionality of its regions that makes subdividing it based on form or function a difficult task. Craddock, et al. (2012), in the article examined, attempt to produce a method for further examining the functional connectivity (FC) of the regions of the brain and subdivide them based on spatial positioning and function. Understanding FC in the brain can significantly improve understanding of many brain functions and the effect of outside stimulus of various parts of the brain. This examination will only be able to take place by creating an accurate whole brain atlas. This creation of a whole brain atlas, or a map of the brain separating it into regions of interest (ROI) based positioning and/or function, has typically been done via fMRI analysis of the brain combined with an anatomically based mapping procedure. This study seeks to use fMRI technology combined with an algorithm to create voxel clusters or ROI’s that optimize both spatial coherence and homogeneity in regards to the FC of the individual ROIs that can closely match of the results of a voxel-wise analysis, while improving on computation power required and interpretability.

Another deep structure within the brain is the thalamus. The thalamus is the relay station for all of the signals that come into the cortex. The thalamus identifies the signals that are being sent to the brain that include senses from vision, hearing, touch, and taste. Once the signal is identified the thalamus then directs it to the particular lobe necessary for the brain to process it. If the thalamus were to become damaged the processing of senses would become impaired and confusion would occur often when ever one was trying to process something.

There are two paths involved in fear response happening simultaneously –low road and high road.

The human nervous system is divided into two main networks that work in harmony with each other. First, the Central Nervous System that consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System that is made up of the nerves comings out of that Central Nervous System. The Central Nervous System’s main task is to integrate sensory information that the Peripheral Nervous System collects from all over the body and responds to it by coordinating both conscious and unconscious activity. In the Central Nervous System, the brain is responsible for sorting through all in coming sensory information, giving orders to other parts of the body, and carries out the complex functions of thinking, feeling and remembering. While, the spinal