Meta Data Surveillance Essay

Over the years, the nature of policing has changed and developed drastically. Their role not only entails crime fighting and emergency response, but also social enforcement and social peacekeeping. Bound by a code of ethics, this highly demanding role asks police to remain professional in their dealings with society, and ensure they uphold the law impartially and fairly. When it comes to enforcing the law, it is important to look at the methods and approaches taken by police in order to combat crime, and whether or not they meet current ethical standards. Although this may be the case, it is also important to acknowledge that aspects of police culture such as loyalty, deception and protection of colleagues will ultimately shape the nature of approach to resolving crime, gaining helpful information and protecting fellow officers. Police officers are granted large amounts of discretion within their roles, however, when officers deliberately abuse this amount of discretion and become display misconduct, it becomes challenging to limit discretionary authority of police officers because of the frequent circumstances they encounter where deception may provide highly constructive outcomes. Throughout this essay, methods used by police officers including entrapment, wiretapping and planting of evidence will be assessed for their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, the ethical standards of these methods and approaches will be assessed as to whether or not they prove as ethically

White-collar crimes are just as prevalent today as ordinary street crimes. Studies show that criminal acts committed by white-collar criminals continue to increase due to unforeseen opportunities presented in the corporate world, but these crimes are often overlooked or minimally publicized in reference to criminal acts on the street. Many street crimes are viewed as unnecessary, horrendous crimes because they are committed by lower class citizens, whereas white collar crimes are illegal acts committed by seemingly respectable people whose occupational roles are considered successful and often admired by many (Piquero, 2014). These views often allow white collar crimes to “slip through the cracks” and carry lesser charges or punishment.

Determining a false confession proves difficult due to the multitude of dimensions involved. According to Kassin and Wrightsman’s (1985) survey of the literature, there are three main types of false confessions—voluntary, coerced-compliant, and coerced-internalized. Unlike coerced false confessions, voluntary false confessions arise as a result of someone willingly turning themselves into the police with an account of their crime (McCann, 1998). Voluntary false confessions can result from multiple motives, including an internalized need for punishment or to save someone else’s face. In contrast, coerced false confessions directly result from police interrogations. While coerced-compliant confessions are made to avoid interrogation, escape the stressful situation, or achieve some other reward, coerced-internalized confessions emerge when a suspects begins to

Tetzlaff-Bemiller, M. J. (2011). Undercover online: An extension of traditional policing in the united states . 5(2), 813-824. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=55aa80b7-28ab-4e79-bcdc-1faa9e027f67@sessionmgr112&vid=1&hid=104

We often trust police officers to protect our homes and our loved ones, but what if the officers we trust can actually harm our loved ones? Over the past few years, unjustified shootings, rough treatments, and severe beatings have been on and off on our tv screens and on our phones. We hear various stories especially from minorities about their unforgettable encounters with police officers who hurt and accused them. According to CopCrisis, almost 3,000 Americans have died over the past three years. One of the relevant factors why this issue keeps happening is racial discrimination. Police officers have been discriminating and accusing minorities over the littlest offenses like selling DVDs outside supermarkets or

Now consider the number of innocents that never get this chance at redemption. Currently the Federal Bureau of Investigation is collecting racial and ethnic information and mapping American communities based on crude stereotypes about which groups commit different types of crime and sharing it with unknown state, local and federal agencies (American Civil Liberties Union, 2012). Since 9/11 the operating parameters Americans expect to protect their rights to privacy have been obliterated. The FBI can now initiate an investigation of a person without the standards of just cause that once protected the rights of all Americans. To the African American male this is nothing new, random searches and undue investigations have always been a part of being an AAM. From a police prospective there are ongoing efforts to equalize the authorities governing the communities focused on diversifying the system and gaining trust amongst the inhabitants. Jones-Brown (2001) argues that to be black and male amounts to a fatal profile for which there has been little to no judicial redress. She cites Natapoff (2004) in noting that one in four black males 20-29 years of age is locked up, on probation or parole, or being pressured to snitch. The research goes further to say that one in twelve in high crime areas are snitching under duress causing a social breakdown of communities nationwide.

Last month in Louisville, Kentucky a sea of posters were placed on the telephone poles stating “Snitches End Up In Ditches.” The father of a late rapper who recently died, expresses that seeing those posters made him furious because he believes that someone saw something that can help law enforcement catch the killer. The author Bill Maxwell, who wrote “Start Snitching” shares with readers why people should snitch in crime-ridden communities. Unlike Alexandra Natapoff who wrote “Bait and Snitch: The High Cost on Snitching for Law Enforcement” which talks about the cost of snitching to the law enforcement. In each essay the locations as well as the effects of snitching are different. However, both authors want the crime rate to go down, and feel snitching is the way to do it.

The tragic events of September 11th, 2001 showed the vulnerabilities of this country as a whole, reflecting the lack of attention this nation gave to terrorism. Following September 11th, it was clear that drastic preventative measures needed to be taken in order to avoid reoccurrence of a destructive and deadly act of terrorism (Simon, 2009). As a response to the attacks, The Patriot Act was passed in October of 2001 in order to give federal agencies a substantial increase in power in accessing, monitoring, and examining records and citizens who have been identified as, or could potentially be, risks to this country. This act also allowed federal agents to single out and watch potential individuals labeled as terrorists without evidence linking them to an actual terrorist organization, as well as allowing for an increase in wiretapping phones of potential suspects (Banks, 2010).

The United States has increased its surveillance through programs by the National Security Agency that collect and examine data on Internet and communication by Americans. Innocent civilians are tracked in search of international terrorists hence sparked the debate on civil liberties over national security. However, according to Thomas Friedman, there was the need to shift from ‘war on terrorists’ to ‘war on terrorism’

The focus of our intelligence agencies to gather as much data as possible is completely wrong and has had lethal consequences, from 9/11 to 7/7 to Paris, Brussels and Nice. You don’t need all the data about everybody in the world to discover and react to threats. If you do try to gather such vast volumes of data, you flood your analysts, decision makers and police with garbage. They need the right data and they need it in time. The only way to get there is by upfront filtering for targets, which can be done through metadata – information about the sender, recipient and receiver of an email or phone call. That, in turn, has a nice side-effect: it gives privacy to more than 99% of people who are not known targets or demonstrating behaviour that

When dealing with organized crime, those working in the criminal justice field that there are plentiful problems that organized crime brings to the table. One such issues that can rise up are the provision of illicit markets is one large problem associated with organized crime. This is an issues because communities that are in a susceptible state and as a result this types of villages can undoubtedly become dependent on what organized crime can supply (Beare & Naylor, 1994). Within at risk environment manipulation and perversion can

Because the number of casualties is so high, one might argue that domestic surveillance actually does nothing to stop terrorism. However, many influential government officials have publicly mentioned that the usage of domestic surveillance has actually contributed towards the foiling of many malicious plots, both on American soil and other foreign countries (Francis) General Keith Alexander, the head of the NSA (at the time), testified to Congress, “the information gathered from these programs provided the U.S. government with critical leads to help prevent over 50 potential terrorist events in more than 20 countries around the world.” Our former president, Barack Obama, even confirmed this himself. “We know of at least 50 threats that have been averted because of this information not just in the United States, but, in some cases, threats here in Germany.

Abuse of power and discrimination are bound to happen when people are given the position of authority over others. This happens in businesses, households, and in the police force. The corruption and abuse of policing is a serious problem facing many people living in the world today. But in countries that are less developed there is an abundance of power abuse and corruption especially over the poor and marginalized who fall within the lowest quintile of income (Agbiboa). The corruption is easier to see in the underdeveloped country, but the fact that it happens in other places means that it is just as possible to happen here in the United States.

NOTE: This is NOT A JUSTIFICATION for police behavior. It is merely a partial EXPLANATION.

The pawnshop industry has always been plagued by negative criticism. An example of this is the idea that they cater to thieves and other criminals by allowing them to pawn supposedly stolen items. This notion of thinking has its roots to beginning of the industry itself. Its weak credit policy and virtually no review of credit background leaves the industry vulnerable to fraudulent transactions. But with recent legislation that prohibits involvement of pawnshops in suspicious transactions, the public is now gaining the lost confidence in the pawnbroking industry. (Collard & Hayes, 2015) The most influential factor that reversed the stigma of the pawnbroking industry is the popularization of television programs that showcase items being pawned