Metabolic Bone Disease In Veiled Chameleons

Statistical analysis for the animal studies. Our selection of 10 animals per time point is based on the group variance observed in our preliminary studies employing diet models. For example, an n = 10 provides 95% power (alpha of 0.05) to detect differences in ALT values of at least 30 U/L between two means with a standard deviation of 10 (two-tailed t-test). For endpoints such as ALT values, caspase positive cells, etc., in different animal populations, parametric analysis will be performed. ANOVA will be employed given the presence of multiple groups, and a Bonferroni test will be used to correct for multiple comparisons. If the distribution of values is unsuitable for a parametric analysis, we will perform a Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric data. If the data show a strong trend towards significance (e.g., p < 0.1) with reproducible data except for a rare outlier, we can consider increasing the number of animals per group. The number added will be calculated using the mean and standard deviation (SD) from the existing data

The results in the table are inconsistent with some results displaying an average daily weight of over 200kg and other results displaying an average daily weight of less than 70kg. As the results display showed minimal consistency throughout the duration of the investigation it is hard to determine whether an overall weight gain was achieved throughout the herd.

|findings that would be | |half of their diet in carbohydrates, proteins, fats,|vitamins A and C , meats 5 oz., fruits and vegetables |

Humans have a less varied diet than primates, and the effect of domestication on our foods is evident. Domesticated fruits have a different sugar content than wild fruits. They are sweeter, containing mostly sucrose and fructose, while wild fruits contain mainly glucose. (Milton 1993) Wild fruits contain more seeds, are more fibrous, have higher amounts of micronutrients and have more protein than their domesticated counterparts. Wild fruits have a richer mineral content than domesticated fruits, having higher contents of calcium, potassium, phosphorus and iron. (Milton 1999) Primate diets in the wild well exceed the daily set recommendations of nutrients and minerals for humans, while some humans subsisting on domesticated and processed products do no receive adequate nutrition. One vitamin of particular interest is vitamin C. Humans and non-human primates, unlike most other mammals, cannot synthesize this compound. It is hypothesized that this is because their herbivorous diet provides high amounts of the nutrient, and is is indeed the case, particularly for primates subsisting on a wild diet. (Web 2002) Another area of consideration is fat content in the diet. Primates consume less fat than the modern Westerner. The content of fat that primates consume is also fairly balanced between saturated and unsaturated fats. In the modern Western diet, most fats consumed are saturated animal fats and seed oils. Although we consume most of our protein from animal sources, primates are able to maintain adequate protein intake from their mostly herbivorous diet. (Milton

The animal experiment was approved by the University of Calgary Animal Care Committee (#AC12–0033). 32 male Sprague Dawley rats were ordered when they were 10 days old (Charles River, Montreal, QC, Canada) and randomized into treatment groups after a two-week adaptation interval. The four treatment groups were as follows (n=8): 1. Control (CON, animals fed ad libitum diet) 2. 75% restriction group (75%, animals fed 75% of the diet consumed by the control animals) 3. 50% restriction group (50%, animals fed 50% of the diet consumed by the control animals) 4. 50% restriction group and then switched to ad libitum diet after two weeks (50% +CON). The rats weighted ~80g when housed individually in metabolic cages of the Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring

Hawthorne’s story, “Young Goodman Brown,” appears to be a story about original sin with a lot of symbolism tied in to make it an allegory. An allegory is a story that can be interpreted in different ways to find the hidden meaning behind the symbolism in the story. The three things focused on throughout the short story is Faith, the forest that Goodman Brown takes his journey through, and the staff, which the old man who leads Goodman Brown on his way carries. The short story, “Young Goodman Brown,” uses several symbols such as: Faith, the forest, and the staff to contribute significantly to the allegory.

Abnormal bone growth and development leads to easily recognizable symptoms, for example unproportionate stature. Affected persons have relatively small limbs and a large head with an extruding forehead and a flat midface, usually with a regular sized torso. This is because

Zotti (2004?) realized when doing a study to find a new tool to use for pathophysiology; that Green iguanas affected with MBD had very low density for their bones. This was found in the femur, head, spine. Significant differences between the affected and unaffected iguanas could be seen when doing X-rays. It is not uncommon to see reptiles that have weakened bones, and this will ultimately result in reluctance to move, reluctance to hold the head upright, discomfort, and laziness. These signs can all be seen early on in the stages of Metabolic Bone Disease in all reptiles.

Renal osteodystrophy or chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder is a bone pathology, characterized by bone mineralization deficiency, that is a direct result of the electrolyte and endocrine derangements which accompany chronic kidney disease. Renal osteodystrophy is thought to be the result of hyperparathyroidism secondary to hyperphosphatemia combined with hypocalcaemia, both of which are due to decreased excretion of phosphate by the damaged kidney. Low activated vitamin D3 levels are a result of the damaged kidneys' inability to convert vitamin D3 into its active form, calcitriol, and result in further hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphatemia.14

“I have a dream.” This phrase is a nationally known. Many people have heard and/or know about Martin Luther King Jr’s speech that he gave in Washington D.C. On August 28, 1963, King gave one of the best inspiring, literary speeches in history using assonance, metonymy, and ethos. Martin Luther King Jr’s father was a methodist pastor.

Metabolic bone disease (MVB), is very serious and often comes from lack of UVB lighting or lack of diet, MVB can be diagnosed and treated with surgery at your local vet if it worsens.

We are required to obtain certain amount of nutrients from food. Food can simply divide into 2 groups, macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients composition. Both of the groups mentioned do affect the metabolism rate. According to Hulbert and Else, dietary fatty acid will affect the metabolism rate and some of the polyunsaturated fatty acid will increase the metabolism rate (1999). Meanwhile, different kinds of animals have their own unique requirement for macro-nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fat. Moreover, most of the food intake is driven by achieving the required protein intake. Animals on a low protein diet will over eat carbohydrates and fat until the protein requirement has been satisfied. If this case

Many chameleons have adapted to different countries so many have evolved from their original form. Chameleons live in warm habitats that range from rainforests to desert conditions. Chameleons usually live in places where the surrounding area matches their skin color so that they can camouflage easily. Sadly chameleons have been losing their habitats due to humans destroying rainforests and people taking wild chameleons from their native habitats and domesticating them by selling them as pets.

Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a condition most commonly seen in captive reptiles; when left untreated the condition can be extremely debilitating or even fatal to the pet.

The major defect in Osteomalacia is a deficiency of activated vitamin D , which promotes calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and facilitates mineralization of bone.