Metabolic Pathways Essay

3. Tortora GJ. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. In: Microbiology an Introduction. 9th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc; 2007: 77-113.

Enzymes are catalysts that help promote chemical reactions by integrating or breaking apart biological molecules. Most metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes to occur at rates quick enough to sustain life. Because enzymes are particular with what substances they choose to speed up, they only affect a tiny percentage of all the possible reactions. The group of enzymes made in a cell determine which metabolic pathway is selected. Enzymes are critical to the human body, specifically the body’s metabolism system. The metabolic system is a long series of continuous chemical reactions, and these catalysts boost efficiency and effect (Audesirk, Byers 99-102). Every enzyme affects a particular and specific part of the system, and

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? If you were to look at them through a light microscope, how could you tell? (0.5 point)

Breaking down an organism leads scientists to identify cells. A group of cells create tissues, tissues combined are organs, and organs and their functions make up systems. Basically, cells make up living organisms. There are 2 kinds of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Within a prokaryotic, it doesn’t contain a DNA bounded nucleus; however, a eukaryotic cell does. Though the prokaryotic cell differs from a eukaryotic cell, they share a cell membrane. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins, which makes it selectively permeable. It is located outside of the cytoplasm and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings by selecting what can enter and exit the cell.

Introduction: Cellular respiration and fermentation are used in cells to generate ATP. All cells in a living organism require energy or ATP to perform cellular tasks (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg. 162). Since energy can not be created (The first law of thermodynamics) just transformed, the cell must get its energy from an outside source (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg.162). “Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called metabolism” (Urry, Lisa A., et al., pg. 142). Cells get this energy through metabolic pathways, or metabolism. As it says in Campbell biology, “Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are called catabolic pathways” (Urry, Lisa A., et al. pg.

The aim of this exercise is to equip the student with the knowledge and skill necessary for conducting microscopic observations. It is also intended to teach the student the various sizes and shapes of several different types of bacteria.

“Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments” (Metabolism). Metabolism breaks down the food that we eat, transforming it into energy for our bodies. Metabolism is broken down into two categories Anabolism and Catabolism, which help aid in the chemical reaction process. Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of metabolism, and each chemical reaction is coordinated with other body functions (Dowshen). Metabolism is a constant process that begins when we're born and ends when we die. It is a vital process for all life not just humans, and

Anabolic pathways utilize the energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds; these use the energy released by catabolic reactions.

A) Describe in your own words, in as much detail as you can, the anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvate. B) Draw this pathway (by hand), indicating all substrates, enzymes, cofactors and products. (You do not need to include reaction mechanisms.)

Energy needed to function comes from the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). To keep a continuous supply of ATP, ATP is resynthesized using one of the three energy pathways. The three energy pathways are the phosphagen, anaerobic and aerobic systems.

E. Metabolism – Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy for responsiveness, growth,

Cellular respiration is a sequence of three metabolic stages. Stage one is glycolysis and occurs in the cytoplasm. Stages two and three occur in the mitochondria and are respectively called the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use these metabolic stages to produce the energy required to grow, reproduce and undertake maintenance, in the form of ATP (Flinders University , 2018). A step in the Krebs cycle can see an enzyme catalysed conversion of succinate to fumarate where an electron is transferred from one complex to another, a redox reaction (Knox, et al., n.d.). Substrate concentration is a variable used to increase the rate of a reaction. It is a limiting factor however, up until a certain point,

Cells, they are the building block of all life, they are what make up the entirety of living things on Earth and without them living things would cease to exist. It is because of this that cells are considered to be the most important known unit of life and are studied so often. Cells were first observed in the mid 17th century by English physicist and microscopist Robert Hooke using on of the earliest versions of the microscope. (Biologyreference.com, 2017) Hooke’s observations led to further investigations and studies into the topic of cells resulting in many major breakthroughs in the field of biology. Possibly the biggest of these breakthroughs is credited to have being made by Theodor schwann, Matthias Schleiden and Rudolph Virchow,

This is a simple equation that doesn’t properly prove the reaction. It is very complex and starts with this:

Life on this planet began with microorganisms. Through millions of years microorganisms have found ways to successfully adapt and survive. These adaptations have created a wide biodiversity, allowing them to basically populate in all places. Why are these microbes so important? Because they shape the history of our world. Some microbes can be deathly to humans while some others are favorable, for example, bacteria that lives in the gut of both humans and animals and helps during the process of digestion (Alfred Brown & Heidi Smith, 2006). Understanding these interactions help scientists to find ways to protect humans from potential deathly pathogens. In order to observe microbes, microscope proficiency and microorganisms’ identification are crucial skills in a microbiology lab. During this laboratory session, samples of environmental and human organisms were inoculated into two different rich media and incubated to their according temperature. After this, appropriate use and calibration of the microscope was performed. Lastly, morphology and size of different species of bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoan were recorded.