Metabolic Syndrome (MS)

In this experiment, the 5mM catechol (substrate) reacted with catechol oxidase in the presence of 5 different pH buffers mentioned above. This experiment was used to measure the buildup of the colored product, benzoquinone, to observe the change in the absorbance of the mixture in a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 486 nm. Ithypothesized that since each enzyme has an optimal pH and that the enzymes are proteins, the enzyme activity will increase with pH level and will be at its highest at pH 7, which is water. As seen in figure 1, absorbance is low pH 2 because catechol oxidase activity was minimal at low pH concentration due to the catechol oxidase denaturing in the acidic solution. The catechol oxidases also denatured at high pH concentration such as pH 11, which is a basic solution, lowering catechol oxidase activity and absorption. Catechol oxidase activity was highest at pH 8 making it an optimal pH for catechol oxidase to catalyze the reaction and create more product which in turn increased the absorption of blue

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are a growing problem around the world today. Not only do diseases such as diabetes and heart disease affect individuals and their lifestyles, they also affect the economy, politics, education and the professional work environment. 20-26% of individuals in the United States live with heart disease, and obesity and high blood pressure compose the greatest factors for developing this disease [20]. Studies have shown a direct correlation between the amount of sedentary time and cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, regardless of baseline measurements [20]. Thus, increase in physical activity will decrease cardiometabolic risk factors [8]. Several studies indicate a positive correlation between physical activity and decreased cardiometabolic risk markers [2,4,11,16]. However, we now know that an individual who is getting the recommended physical activity per day can still have a large amount of sedentary time.

Abstract: This lab was developed to investigate blood glucose and diabetes. Diabetes is a lifelong chronic disease in which there are high levels of sugar in the blood (Diabetes). The spectrophotometer was applied to this lab to determine the absorbance of blood glucose in diabetic and non-diabetic blood samples. In order to prove this, tests were conducted by taking the blood samples at different times right before a meal was eaten then 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the meal. The 6 test tubes had been placed in the spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of blood glucose in the diabetic and non-diabetic blood. It was hypothesized that people with diabetes will absorb more

AAS has contributed to the understanding of elements having different absorption emission spectra due to their difference in energy levels. In the absorption spectrum, the absorbed light are shown as black gaps. As the number of electrons increase, the number of spectral lines also increase. Hence, by measuring the absorption of light, the concentration of the element within a sample can be determined. By knowing the concentrations of an element, scientists are now aware that even the smallest amount can make a significant impact towards the biological system. Therefore, scientists have brainstormed ways to monitor the use of chemicals in the

Objective: Measure the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with and without the addition of an enzyme catalase at different time intervals.

MS disease has no definite cause. It is rather triggered by multiple factors that work together to result in the disease. According to Medscape, the disease is a result of a combination of infection and/or exposure to chemicals and genetic predisposition to immune system failure (Luzzio & Talavera, 2017). The immune system malfunction destroys myelin. Women are more likely to have MS than

The development of the breath acetone biosensor was performed within the school grounds. Vanillin and sodium nitroprusside were used as the color-forming molecules for the detection of acetone.

The ratiometric method for the L-Arg and L-Asn biosensors was based on the ratio of the fluorescence intensities (FI565 & FI625) of the Arg-sensing membrane and the Asn-sensing membrane at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm (λex = 460 nm) and two emission wavelengths (λem= 565 & 625 nm) as follows:

Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions comprising of insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure, and obesity. All these conditions or risk factors are strong causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Hanson et al., 2002). Henceforth, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a type of metabolic syndrome complication. Individuals who have T2DM are hyperglycaemic and are prone to both cardiovascular and renal diseases (Turner et al., 1998). In the past, T2DM was seen to mainly affect the middle to older aged individuals as the development of the disease was progressively slow. However, it is becoming more apparent that children are also affected by this health issue (Kahn, 2003). Therefore, there has been great interest in understanding

The purpose of this experiment is to test and measure the time taken for blood glucose levels to rise after an increase in amount of glucose in the blood, and then the time taken for blood glucose levels to then return to within a normal range. This will be done by using lucozade to elevate blood glucose levels. It is then expected that the blood glucose levels should then return to within the normal range, which in a healthy person should be around 5mmol/L. The rate at which the blood glucose levels return to the normal range depend on the cells ability to absorb the glucose from the blood, which depends on the synthesis and use of insulin. The same test will be carried out with water instead of lucozade in order to obtain

As indicated Eq. 1, oxygen is utilized as the physiological electron acceptor for lactate oxidation reaction. Therefore, the detection of lactate level using these biosensors is highly dependent on the oxygen concentration. On the other hand, oxygen concentration in blood is subject to fluctuations resulting in errors in measured lactate concentrations [19]. Moreover, oxygen deficiency in the blood sample deteriorates the detection range of the sensors [20]. The inadequate oxygen level cannot sustain the oxidation of lactate; thus, fluctuations in the oxygen concentration hinder accurate detection of lactate level. To eliminate the oxygen dependency problems in electrochemical sensors, some approaches have been proposed including the use of two dimensional cylindrical electrodes [21, 22], mass transport limiting films [21, 23], and tailoring the electrode surface with oxygen-rich materials [24]. In addition to the modification of electrode using one of the approaches listed above, some authors substituted lactate oxidase with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) which does not require oxygen as an electron acceptor [25]. Although LDH does not use oxygen as an electron acceptor, NADH or NADPH coenzymes needs to be immobilized to enable the electron transfer between enzyme and electrode [8]. The modification of electrode to circumvent oxygen dependence of biosensors poses new problems associated with design, complexity, stability, and sensitivity [4]. In addition, the aforementioned methods hinder the miniaturization of the sensors

Two separate variables were hypothesized and tested within the confines of the experiment on their effects on the productivity of lactase enzyme. The measurement of light absorbance levels of different solutions based on both the concentration of o-nitrophenol (ONP) as well as the pH of the solution tested. To begin with, differing concentrations of ONP were tested to find the absorbance levels of ONP. Three different pH values, 5, 6, and 7, in solution, were tested over a period of 8 minutes and their absorbance’s recorded. Both plots of data were then used to find at which concentrations of ONP absorption levels, and thus enzyme activity rates, were at their highest across each of the three pH solutions. Based on the results

Useful of POCT can reduce turnaround times for cardiac markers, but the current devices are not as precise and more sensitive as central laboratory assays (Straface et al., 2008). For this reason, the gap is growing as manufacturers of an immunoassay have a release troponin assays that are even higher than those currently available (Eriksson et al., 2005). These medical assays have an analytical sensitivity that enables detection of nearly one hundredth percentage of all healthy subjects which is not possible for the current POCT assays (Straface et al., 2008). Relatively, a lower value for the 99th percentile of a healthy population is reflected in the use of high sensitivity troponin results (Barry et al., 2009) enables for the detection of more cases of myocardial injury. In order to strive analytically, POCT next generation assays will make technological advancements, such as the use of microfluidic to better control sample delivery (Barry et al., 2009). An advancements technology of nanoparticles is used to increase surface to volume rations for analyses and antibodies and innovative detection schemes such as an electrochemical detector to enhance analytical sensitivity (Apple et al., 2006). A multi-marker analysis using POCT is also

Diabetes is a rapidly growing problem, currently affecting 300 million people worldwide . and its incidence is expected to increase rapidly in the coming decades[0]. Diabetes can lead to complications such as serious as lower-limb amputations, blindness, and cardiovascular disease [1].Continuous and accurate monitoring of patient blood glucose levels is critical for diagnosis and management of the disease.

AIM : Thin-Layer Chromatography can show many different characteristics of a mixture. It is recognized for isolation , separation ,identification, and anaylsis of the mixture’s components. The purpose of this experiment is to separate carbohydrates into its pure components such as mixtures of monosacrides by TLC. TLC is used to identify sugars in normal and pancreatic disease urine, the procedure is easy and reproducible .