Metabolic Syndrome

Hyperlipidemia is the abnormal elevation of any lipoproteins present in the blood. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are commonly used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, specifically lowering the levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels. As with most classes of medications, there are many potential side effects. A less common but serious side effect of statins is myopathy. Myopathy is a dose-related side effect that causes skeletal muscle weakness, aching, cramping, pain, stiffness and tightness. The mechanism of this occurrence is unknown, but as will be shown, there is a possible correlation between low vitamin D levels and increased occurrence of statin induced myopathy. The vast numbers of patients on statins results in a high number of patients with statin-induced myopathy throughout the world. This consultation will determine whether vitamin D prophylaxis is safe and effective in the prevention of statin-induced myopathy.

Diabetes refers to a set of several different diseases. It is a serious health problem throughout the world and fourth leading cause of death by disease in the country. All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucos in the blood. To understand why this happens it would helpful if we understand how the body usually works. When we eat, our body breaks down the food into simpler forms such as glucose. The glucose goes into the bloodstream, where it then travels to all the cells in your body. The cells use the glucose for energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps move the glucose from bloodstream to the cells. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further explains the concept on how this disease works. Pancreas

Liver is known as the metabolic port of entry for any endobiotic and xenobiotic substance. The anabolism and catabolism of most of the nutrients are in major performed by the liver. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism by the liver is of significance as the anomalies in metabolism of these nutrients may introduce several types of metabolic syndromes. The protective effects of aqueous green tea extract have been shown on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction in diabetic and obese rat models [74]. Different nutrients combinations were tested in a long-term feeding in experimental mouse model. Regional and continental food habit and practices are very much different. Effects of Western, vegetarian, and Japanese dietary fat

In order to identify a condition as a disease, it should fit certain criteria. One of the reasons that obesity is classified as a disease is because of its large comorbidity. Obesity is a risk factor for chronic diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnoea, musculoskeletal disorders and some cancers (Rossner, 2002). According to Rossner (2002), the death rate from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and other diseases increases among moderate and severe overweight men and women in all age groups. Therefore, obesity is

Metabolic syndrome is the umbrella term used for a variety of risk factors that increases the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Five conditions that are metabolic risk factors are: high Body Mass Index, insulin resistance, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood sugar. Obesity, an example of a metabolic disorder, has been the focus of research and medical discussions because of the alarming impacts that it is having on the health of millions of citizens in the United States. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention growth charts, last year 17% of children in America from age 2-9 were obese and 32% were overweight (Blumberg, 559). As a result, obesity costs the U.S. healthcare more than $200 billion and these costs will continue to increase as the number of obese individuals escalates (Janesick 2016, 559).

Although many individuals are uncertain about the increasing statistics associated with obesity, more than seventy percent of men and virtually sixty-two percent of women within the United States adult population are overweight or obese (Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney). Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat. If an individual’s amount of body fat becomes too excessive, he/she is at a much greater risk of developing life-altering diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, type II diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, etc. (Wilmore, et al., 2008).

Metabolic syndrome is an emerging diagnosis in the medical field that has effects on patient care. Becoming familiar with it and having it become a common part of patient care will, if used appropriately will increase the lives of those who have become affected with or are at risk of becoming diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risks factors of metabolic origin that are accompanied by the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. There are five major factors to look for; out of these five a person only needs three to be diagnosis with metabolic

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous heart attack risk factors: diabetes and raised fasting plasma glucose, abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome often precedes the onset of T2D and cardiovascular diseases (10, 11). Worldwide, it has been estimated that approximately one-fourth of the adult population has metabolic syndrome (10) and that the joined burden of obesity related diseases causes 2.8 million deaths annually (1).

Diabetes results from an imbalance of the hormone insulin and is considered a metabolic disorder. Glucose is obtained from food, normally insulin is released as the glucose levels rise. Insulin is produced in the pancreas by cells known as Beta cells. When Beta Cells fail to produce insulin the levels of glucose in the blood rise because the kidney is unable to filtrate the high amounts of glucose in the blood. Another cause of diabetes can be insulin resistance. Insulin resistance occurs when the body is not able to utilize the available insulin. Insulin is in charge of maintaining the proper levels of glucose in the blood. As the levels of glucose increase so does the amount of insulin being released. Insulin activates

“A major concern at this time is the rapid climb in incidence of Type 2 diabetes, with prevalence now estimated at about 9% (18 million) of the population greater than 20 years of age.” Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are commonly associated (Gould & Dyer, 2011). In addition to the two types of diabetes, there are signs and symptoms that are easily detected and some that develop after diagnosis.

The first of these diseases is metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome isn’t an actual disorder; most often metabolic syndrome is diagnosed to help determine a

This is a multiple condition; high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Large waist circumference is a visible sign. Metabolic syndrome is linked to overweight or obesity and inactivity and also to insulin resistence, when cells don't respond normally to insulin, and glucose can't enter the cells as easily. As a result, glucose levels in your blood rise despite the body's attempt to control the glucose by producing more insulin.

Operational definitions used in the study include: metabolic syndrome, coronary artery bypass graft surgery and gender. Data for the investigation was reviewed by patient gender-i.e. male or female. In addition, all patients included in the study had undergone coronary

According to Krause’s Food & the Nutrition Care Process (2011), one primary health risk involved with untreated morbid obesity is metabolic syndrome, which tends to occur with the progression of excessive visceral adipose tissue and low cardiorespiratory fitness.1 Mr. McKinley’s BMI classifies him as morbidly obese, and he works as an office manager and has had a total knee replacement, which may contribute to physical inactivity and therefore increases metabolic syndrome risk. Since Mr. McKinley has elevated triglycerides (245 mg/dL) and fasting glucose (145 mg/dL), and lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (32 mg/dL), he meets the criteria for metabolic syndrome. The presence of

The FITT principle of metabolic syndrome is consistent with recommendations for the general population of healthy adults because it is focused on lowering the risks of CVD and DM, in addition to weight loss. Metabolic syndrome is primarily caused by obesity, physical inactivity and genetics. Therefore, people with metabolic syndrome should exercise at a minimum of 150 minutes per week or 30 minutes on most days of the week. Exercise should be done at moderate intensity: 40% to 60% of VO2R or HRR. Patient who wants to lose weight will require higher intensity and longer duration workout. The recommendations are 300 minutes per week or 50-60 minutes of exercise 5 days a week with at least 10 minutes bout and vigorous intensity equal to or greater