Metered Dose Inhalers

1350).  Generic medications tend to be cheaper (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1350). Patients also report that the HFA inhaler tastes and the spray feel different, “softer” (FDA, 2016).  The spray itself is different in the two types of inhalers (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1346). HFA inhalers require routine cleaning and priming to function properly (FDA, 2016). Ventolin HFA attracts moisture and drying agents are used in the product to counteract this (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1347).  The use of drying agents decrease the shelf life after it is removed from its packaging (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1347). And, lastly, higher doses of HFA cause more systemic effects including tachycardia and hypokalemia (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p.

The patient should inhale the medication rapidly. Otherwise the dry particles will stick to the

Compounding is an important facet of pharmaceutics that allows the formulation of specific drugs for individual patients. The work done at compounding pharmacies permits the development of medicinal products for patients that cannot tolerate certain components from mass production pharmaceutical companies. These individuals may require uniquely compounded agents to be flavorless, preservative-free, dye-free, liquid, solid, or more. These specialty production facilities are necessary for therapy and an acceptable quality of life for individuals with specific needs. Recently, the patient-driven role of designer therapeutics that compounding pharmacies occupy was overshadowed when a manmade epidemic was produced a medical catastrophe when supposedly sterile materials were contaminated with infectious agents.1

The nasal route has been extensively used for topical treatments in the past, for example, in the treatment of rhinitis with antihistamines. However, due to the appealing drug absorption potential of the nasal mucosa, intranasal administration for the systemic delivery of drugs has grown in popularity, allowing it to be considered as an alternative parenteral route of administration 11. The nasal mucosa consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that lies on top of a highly vascularised basement membrane. The columnar cell surface possesses microvilli which extensively aid systemic absorption through a greatly increased surface area 5. The highly vascularised mucosa plays a significant role in systemic absorption as blood flow, and subsequently the concentration gradient across the membrane, has a major influence in the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation 1. These anatomical aspects, coupled with the nasal cavity’s thin and porous endothelial membrane provide an attractive option for a range of therapeutic applications 5. An example of such an application is the administration of fentanyl. Nasal delivery of fentanyl exhibits a rapid onset of action due to the advantageous nasal anatomy and provides a Tmax of approximately 7 minutes, a

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Nicotine inhaler is actually one of the most common NRTs and it has been proven to be highly efficacious in the treatment of smoking cessation [2]. The inhalator delivers nicotine vapour by inserting nicotine cartridges into it and the hand-mouth action is actually similar to smoking. The vapour is drawn through the mouthpiece, releasing nicotine from the cartridge, and being absorbed through the lining of mouth. When using the inhalator, less nicotine is taken at much slower rate than when smoking tobacco. Thus, this makes it less addictive and easier to stop [3].

I would like to include that Proventil is prescribed as needed. It is a bronchodilator that stimulate beta 2 to cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles and also a short acting relief inhaler used to rescue attack. Rita should use Proventil inhaler before she uses any other inhaler. If used frequently, it will trigger beta 1 reaction which will increase Rita’s heart rate, force of contraction and could cause nervousness. Corticosteroids (prednisone) is given by mouth. Since the doctor ordered prednisone 60mg taper dose, the nurse will teach Rita how to taper (decrease) dose every 2-3 days to avoid systemic effects when the medication is used for long period of time. Do not increase dosage or frequency of taking medication. Overuse

This video talked over the classification of drugs known to America as inhalants. According to the video Inhalants are known to be nitrous oxide solvents, aerosols, and nitrites. Inhalants can be found and obtained very easily in your local grocery stores, hardware stores and local pharmacies. Because of their easy accessibility to be found in kitchen and bathroom cabinets, much of its use is among adolescents. Individuals that consume inhalants normally breathe in the fumes through their nose or mouth,

An Inhalant is a drug that can be a common household item that can be abused. The inhaling of chemicals dates back to ancient Egypt, Babylonia, India and China. During these time periods inhaling chemicals such as incense, oils, resins, and spices was often performed as part of religious ceremonies. Then later in the 1920’s Inhalants such as Ether were used when alcohol was made illegal in the U.S. In the 1940’s use of solvents and primary gasoline became increasingly popular. But in the 1950’s there was a significant increase of abuse of inhalants in the U.S. This abuse of inhalants continued to increase with the practise of solvent sniffing spreading among commercial products such as paint, nail polish remover, and many more. In recent years

Hundreds of household products are being misused as inhalants. Some of these products include nail polish remover, hair spray, cleaning fluids, spray paint, and the propellant in aerosol whipped cream (“Inhalants“, 2010). Inhalants are breathable chemical vapors that users intentionally inhale because of the chemical’s mind-altering effects (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2010). The trend in inhalant abuse is growing among the young community throughout the country. Surveys have shown in 2008 2 million Americans of 12 or over reported using inhalants (NIDA, 2010). Young children from the age of 12 to 17 are the primary age group of abusers (National Drug Intelligence Center [NDIC], 2001). The numbers reflect that it is becoming

Aerogen solo mesh nebulizer (SOLO) was compared to Sidestream jet nebulizer (SIDE) when placed in non-invasive ventilation circuit (NIV) at 3 different dose volumes (1, 2, 4ml using 1ml respirable solution containing 5000μg salbutamol) and 3 different heat and humidification conditions (no heat and no humidification (NN), humidification with no heat (HN) and heat with humidification (HH)) using 2ml respirable solution containing 10000μg salbutamol.

This patient obviously did not receive even basic education on how to use her inhaler since she is seen using it like a perfume rather than inhaling the medication into her lungs. As a nurse, it is imperative to teach patients how to properly administer their medication. Especially if it is a rescue medication, such as an inhaler for asthma attacks, insulin to control blood glucose levels, or an EpiPen to control a type I hypersensitivity allergic reaction, to name a few. I believe the best teaching strategy to use for this situation would be the demonstration/return demonstration, or “show back” method. The purpose of this strategy is to teach your patient a new skill (Lewis, 2014, p. 56). The nurse can then ensure the patient truly understands

Bi-Directional Breath Powered drug delivery technology exploits the normal breath process of the body to deposit the drug on nasal epithelium [128]. This Bi-Directional™ technology could be utilized to any type of dispersion technologies related to liquid and powder. When delivery of drug is required, a user exhaled into the mouthpiece of device, soft palate is elevated and the nasal cavity is isolated from the rest of respiratory system. The patient exhaled force emitted the medication from device into nostril while closure of the soft palate prevented the entry of drug to the lungs. Expended nasal passage delivered medication deep into the targeted area of the nasal cavity. When medicine is

Only 10% of all empty ink cartridges are being recycled, a number that double in recent years and continues to increase.

Microsponge is a polymeric drug delivery system composed of spherical particles ranged in micron size and loaded with active pharmaceutical ingredient. Microsponges have maximum residency on the skin and slow release rate. Resiquimod is a candidate drug to be entrapped in microsponge drug delivery system. Formulation of resiquimod loaded microsponges was done using oil in water emulsion solvent evaporation method. The method had two phases, organic and aqueous phase. Three types of solvent were used in organic phase along with four volumes. Dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform and ethyl acetate (EA) were the solvent in organic phase with the volumes were used 1, 2.5, 5, 10 mL. Different formulations