Methane Hydrate Formation

Hydrauling Fracturing is a process used in nine out of ten natural gas wells in the United States, where millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals are pumped underground to break apart the rock and release the gas. Hydrauling Fracturing damages the land, contaminates drinking water, pollutes the air, cause illness in surrounding communities and has aslo known to cause earthquakes (Goldman, Jennifer). It has major threats towards our climate. Methane gas the main competed of natural gas is less common but more potent to greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide 85 to 105 time more powerful than carbon dioxide at disrupting the climate over 20 years (Goldman, Jennifer ).Water and Pollution are also infected by this. In Texas and Colorado more than 3.6 million gallons of water are used very time a well is fracked. Fracking fluids and waste have made their way to our drinking water and aquifers (Hoffman, Joe ). The counter argument to this problems is fossil complains claiming that these fracking fluids are harmless because they’re roughly 2% chemicals and 98% other.

“Hydrofracking refers to hydraulic fracking, a technique in which large amounts of water, combined with smaller amounts of chemicals and sand, are pumped under high pressure into a drilled gas well.” (Curtis 2011) Once the mixture of chemicals, sand, and water enter the well, they start to fracture the rock and create small cracks. The sand then fills in the rock cracks and allows the trapped gas to move freely and exit the well. Hyrdofracking is used because large amounts of natural gas are stuck under ground in dense layers of shale rock. The only way to break that gas free and retrieve it is through high pressure drilling. The most common area

Hydrazine or H2H4 is an extremely toxic unstable liquid that was first discovered by Theodor Curtius. In 1907 Freidrich Raschig was the persin to discover an efficent way to produce Hydrazine at an industrial level, this process is called the Olin- Raschig process. It is a man made molecule and is created by mixing sodium hypochlorite with ammonium to create chloramine and sodium hydroxide . Then is added anhydrous  ammonium which is put under presure and this produces hydrazine, water and salt as a by product . Hydrazine is a greta reducing agent and thr only by products are nitrogen and water. It is used to reduce plutoniuim waste back into its solid state. Also it is used as a precursor for organic synthese. In that process it is

It is either flared on site. Flaring is the process where unwanted gasses are pumped up a stack and burned creating other, less harmful gas. Cold venting is the alternative to flaring: it is where the gas is vented to the atmosphere, depending on location and surroundings. In an area where houses are nearby methane is normally burned off in a flare to produce a less poisonous gas, rather than venting pure methane. When methane is released from the flow-back and flaring is not an option, it is vented into the atmosphere. The methane is vented at a very high pressure in order to be lighter than air; this allows the air to dilute the methane to below an explosive concentration. Methane has an explosive limit of 5.0 percent by volume therefore without diluting it while venting an explosion would occur. Venting of methane on a hydraulic fracturing site is not visible by the human eye, although it does produce some noise. One of the radioactive constituents in flow-back water is radium, a naturally occurring material. The Environmental Protection Agency has a set limit for radium in drinking water and the amount found in samples taken from flow-back have exceeded these limits by several hundreds. (Geochemical Evaluation of Flow-back Brine, n.d.). Throughout the past fifty plus years researchers and environmentalists have determined the harmful effects of chemicals produced in industry. Therefore, with

Next the value of hydrothermal vents go beyond minerals.The vents have a bio-organism that is very important to us.In the fact that these microbes have somrthing in them that can cure cancer.These

Texas LNG, a company that focuses on liquidizing natural gas, has proposed to build a facility in the port of Brownsville. While the masses might see it as an economical opportunity or a chance for Brownsville to put itself in the map, environmentalists are against the construction of such facility.

Therefore, this essay will explore the hidden threat of methane hydrates as a significant contribution to future global warming by examining in depth the structure of methane hydrates and why this is crucial to the specific factors that determine the stability of methane hydrates and what environmental changes are necessary to destabilise this as well as their past and future threats to global

The purpose of the Hydrate Lab was to identify the unknown hydrate while gaining a better understanding of the mole concept. To perform this lab, an unknown hydrate was heated, leaving just the anhydrate, and then by using the mass of the anhydrate and evaporated water and mole concept, the hydrate was identified. It was discovered that the unknown hydrate, substance “A,” was aluminum sulfate dekaokto hydrate. Two errors that may have occurred during the lab are not heating the hydrate enough so that all the water evaporates leaving only the anhydrate, and during heating, some of the hydrous salt may have spattered, thus removing a portion of the hydrous salt from the crucible. Although there were errors, there is one way to improve the lab

Background Hydro fracking is the process of drilling a well vertically into the ground, then drilling a horizontal well off of the vertical well and injecting fluids which consist of water and between three and twelve chemicals. These chemicals are injected underground at high pressures to crack open shale rock and release natural gas or oil trapped which may be trapped in the rock. This then allows the natural gas or oil to flow to the surface where it can then be collected (Prud 'homme

The process of hydrate nucleation both in natural and in techno genic conditions has a common basis when hydrates form from free water and gas. However, additional conditions which are determined by capillary pressure, surface tension, salt content of the fluid and capacitative properties of medium are applied during hydrate formation in a porous media. The formation of gas hydrate has to be categorised fewer than two groups 1) formation of hydrates from dissolved gas when the rate of hydrate accumulation is determined by the diffusive influx of gas from adjacent water and 2 from free gas contained in pores gas or gas condensate deposit transforms into gas hydrate one during a change in thermodynamic conditions. For the first case the molecules

It has been stated, “When Dead Sea animals and plants decompose they create methane gas.” (Whiting 20). “Oceanographers have recently found that the Bermuda Triangle contains the richest deposits of methane gas on the planet” (Steward 81-84).

The methane production rates of this experiment present similar results with the previous experiment with Ni. Methane produced was depending on the substrate used. Methanol, which is slowly consumed in the cultures, results in a steady increase in methane production (Figure 12). On the contrary, acetate, that was consumed rapidly, made a quick increase in methane production on early days of incubation (Figure 13). Also, on cultures using H2, there was also a lag phase before methane was produced significantly (Figure 14. A).

Ethanol, a Healthy Alternative to Hydrate Inhibition - Hydrates formation is a major flow assurance concern onshore and offshore. It forms during gas expansion due to Joule–Thomson effect and may also form at elevated pressures and low temperatures which is prevalent in offshore environments. Methanol is a very good hydrate inhibitor but its use can pose some health and safety challenges to personnel on the field. High methanol content in the hydrocarbon also reduces the market value of the crude. This research compared the performance of methanol and ethanol in hydrate inhibition in a simulated gas field using CSMGem and in an experimental set up using Hydrate Mini Flow loop. Results showed that 20000ppmw of Ethanol adequately prevents

A crisis in global energy consumption has been increasingly discussed in many world energy forums which concern in the diminishing of fossil fuel and natural gas. Consequently, the US government has attempted to seek a new resource to serve the global energy demand (SHAFIEE, 2009). The natural gas from shale formation, abundant resources in US, has been discovered for a long time but there is no efficient method to extract the natural gas from this formation. Moreover, the route to convey the large amount of shale gas is one of our challenge that must be safe for human and environment, and it should be a low cost technique as well (ARMOR, 2013). Furthermore, the impact of shale gas revolution should be realized in a consequence of local protesters at the drilling sites or people who are directly affected from the extraction projects. Therefore, the aims of this project are to describe the most feasible technique and the future prospects in natural gas from shale formation.

What is methane? Methane is an extremely flammable and explosive gas. At the bottom of the ocean it is found in a form called 'methane hydrate ', when the particles are locked in a lattice with water. When this melts, it releases methane gas with 160 times this volume.