Methicillin-Resistant S. Aureus (MRSA)

Patients with weak immune system such as HIV patients and cancer are highly exposed to MRSA infection. The open wounded body and skin ulcers parts have high risk of infection. Medical instruments such as tubes and needles can be a channel for MRSA to get to people in contact with them. Those individuals who carry MRSA but not affected can transmit it to others in nursing homes. Individuals who have undergone surgery are also under risk of infection. Since MRSA is resistant to antibiotics, patients who have been regularly using antibiotics are also at risk of infection (Stryjewski, 2014). For the community strain MRSA, the infection can be transmitted while in games through body cuts or skin contact. Since prisons are crowded, there is high risk of infection in case of MRSA epidemic. Poor individual and facilities hygiene risks the infection of MRSA.

MRSA that affects the skin is caused by the same bacteria that cause respiratory MRSA. Staphylococcus aureus, however, enters through a break in the skin and causes infection. The sore will look like a boil or a type of abscess on the skin and is extremely contagious especially if it is weeping. The abscess may need to be drained and lanced to prevent the spread of infection. It is very important that if a boil or abscess is seen on the skin to go to a physician to get it checked to prevent the spread of MRSA. If the sore is infected from MRSA, it will not go away on its own and using antibiotic cream will not help. Actually it will just feed the bacteria and make it worse. So it is very important to go to your physician or to the hospital

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) is one of the most recent superbugs to become a health problem. MRSA is a species of Staphylococcus Aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin and antibiotics like it. Doctors are struggling to find proper treatment because of its resistance to the beta-lactam ring, the core of most antibiotics. The most lethal strain is the CC398 strain, most commonly found on livestock. There are approximately 80,000 invasive MRSA infections and 11,000 deaths every year. (CNN.com)

MRSA is spread by contact, meaning you can be infected when touching a person or object that has the bacteria. MRSA prevention include maintain good hand and body hygiene. Wash hands often, and clean body on a regular basis. Clean and cover cuts, scrapes, and wounds until healed.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a strain of staph bacteria which has developed resistance to the antibiotics designed to treat common staph infections (Winterstein, 2009, p.189). Originally viewed as a hospital pathogen, MRSA has now begun to appear in the community. Hence, the infection is now distinguished by its origin, defined as hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). The close proximity of athletes, who often share soap, towels, and other items commonly used in the dressing room, as well as the vigorous physical contact involved in sporting activity (both practice and competition), have led to MRSA becoming a concern in athletics. MRSA is a concern because it can lead to severe infection and even morbidity (Indeed, athletes have become a target population for MRSA. A recent study of 377 varsity college athletes at Vanderbilt University confirms that those involved in contact sports were more than twice as likely to carry MRSA (Jiminez-Truque, 2014). It is believed that the higher prevalence of MRSA in contact sports is a result of the increased skin-to-skin contact which can lead to abrasions and cuts, which permit the superbug to enter the body and colonize it (Jiminez-Truque, 2014). Treatment of MRSA involves draining of abscesses, combined with administration of powerful antibiotics, usually intravenously (Winterstein, 2009, p.187). Since MRSA is resistant to the antibiotics developed to treat it

Prevention efforts in a variety of healthcare settings have been shown to significantly decrease healthcare associated MRSA. However, the frequency of hand hygiene and the consistent use of contact precautions are often found to be inadequate or improperly implemented (Yamakawa et al., 2011).

Everyone is at risk to get the MRSA infection, especially if you have commonly done any of the above. "Two in 100 people carry MRSA." (CDC, MRSA) The risk of contracting MRSA is higher if you, have a low immune system, are in a hospital a lot (inpatient care), if you have had a catheter/IV, if you are sharing personal items, and if you are in close contact with others a lot. So how can you reduce your risk? "By maintaining good hand and body hygiene, keep cuts and scrapes covered until healed, avoid sharing personal items, get care early." (CDC, MRSA)

Before the turn of the 21st century, physicians across the country were realizing that the possibility of being able to treat and cure virtually any microbial infection with the use of a single or a combination of antimicrobial medications was becoming more and more of a challenge. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, reports of pathogenic resistance to even the most potent antimicrobial medications of the time were being sent to the Centers for Disease Control. Among even the most dangerous pathogens that have developed and are developing drug resistance to one or many antimicrobials, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is perhaps a case in which the world is most familiar and of the greatest concern within the medical community due to its natural virulence-its ability to cause a multitude of life-threatening infections, and its above average ability to combat and adapt to a vast array of environmental conditions.

Cases are high in hospitals with patients that just received surgery, who’s immune system is already down and more susceptible to infection, usually resulting in longer hospital stays. Long-term patients like dialysis patients, who have a central venous catheter ports, are at a high risk at receiving this serious infection. Day care centers are also known for infecting young kids, and staff workers by touching contaminated objects from a person with MRSA colonization. Lack of proper personal hygiene and cleansing of equipment furthers the risk of spreading MRSA. Each year, approximately 12 million Americans visit a physician to be examined for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus infections. MRSA infections total approximately two million annually, resulting in approximately 90,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in health care costs annually. In 2003 MRSA infections were the fifth-leading cause of death in acute care hospitals (Stanforth, B., Krause, A., Starkey, C., & Ryan, T. J.,

The most pervasive anti-toxin safe disease that must be considered and comprehend in the current world is the "Methicillin-safe Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination". It is caused by a strain of Staphylococcus microbes that have created impervious to the basic anti-microbial for treating ordinary staphylococcic aureus disease. This anti-microbial safe contamination happened in patients living in doctor's facilities. The MRSA disease in the healing centers is caused by utilizing obtrusive gadgets or strategies, for example, intravenous tubing and surgeries.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is bacteria that have evolved in becoming resistant to several antibiotics. The resistance has led the bacteria to become more dangerous as different ways of treating the infections have become less. The bacteria that survive antibiotics and reproduce are a result of natural selection (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2017). All the weak bacteria are killed, whereas, all the strong “superbugs” are left. MRSA is confined in hospitals across the world, and community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) is now widening into the general public (Goetghebeur, Landry, Han, & Vicente, 2007). This serious health issue is the transmission of bacteria resistant organisms that have a potential for morbidity

MRSA is and infectious disease, it can be transmitted by skin-to skin contact and by touching other people’s things that have active MRSA. It is important if using medical equipment on patients that have MRSA to clean them good after you are doing using them. If not cleaned the correct this will increase the risk of transferring MRSA to other people.

MRSA is known to be very contagious. The way a person attains this specific infection is through physical contact. Meaning if one has a cut or open wound the disease can enter there upon being transmitted the infection by another individual. People don’t necessarily have to come into contact with those infected in order for them to contract it. People are actually more susceptible contracting it through certain surfaces that have been contaminated by the disease. Common places to attain this disease are places with constant traffic of people such as hospitals, gyms, locker rooms, or pools.

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, cluster forming bacterium which shows positive results in catalase and nitrate reduction tests. It is considered as a harmful pathogen for human and animal beings and has resistance to many classes of antimicrobial agents. The most important example is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the first clinical isolate, reported at the end of 1960, within a year after the introduction of methicillin (Jevons et al., 1963). Afterwards, it has been frequently disseminated throughout the world and reported serious hospital associated infections in 1970s.Several MRSA clones have emerged in past four decades, but major hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA)clones identified in five accepted clonal lineages by population genetic studies. Genotypes within these lineages have developed resistance to all known antibiotics. Besides, some significant risk factors, like surgery, recent hospitalization and antimicrobial treatment have potential roles in HA-MRSA infection in patients.

In recent decades, patients and health care works are becoming more exposed serious and life threatening infections like Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aurous. MRSA is a serious infection that is cause by Staphylococcus aurous. According to studies, MRSA is classified in to two categories. Hospital-Acquired MRSA is “developed in the hospital setting and shows an augmented antimicrobial resistance. HA-MRSA usually affects elderly patients who are on life support treatments” (nation institute of health) For example, people who have had surgery or medical implanted devices are easily affected by MRSA. In Addition, MRSA also affects patients who have weak immune system, kidney dialysis or using venous catheters ”