Method Validation is used to analyze the specific and effective testfor identification of active

The goal of this experiment was to find out active chemical components in Anacin and Tylenol, using Thin Layer Chromatography technique. This technique uses the difference in the intermolecular forcer and polarity to separate mixtures. Comparing Rf values were then used to determine the active chemical components in the two analgesics. The overall result was that Acetaminophen exists in Tylenol and Acetylsalicylic Acid exists in Anacin.

The unknown sample was identified to contain Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and caffeine based on comparison of known Rf values (Table 1). When comparing the traveled UV lit spots (figure 1), Aspirin and Ibuprofen traveled the same distance from the start line. Unknown sample 16 contains Aspirin not Ibuprofen, due to the intensity of the spot under UV light. Aspirin and the unknown shared that same intensity, whereas Ibuprofen did not share that same strength of brightness. The distance traveled by the samples was dependent upon their affinity for the mobile phase 200:1 ethyl acetate – acetic acid. The samples that traveled the furthest like the Aspirin and Ibuprofen were the most soluble in the mobile phase. The samples that traveled the shortest

In this experiment the concentration of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) in an aspirin tablet will be determined. This can be done by dissolving a tablet in a strong base, NaOH, and titration it with a strong acid, HCl. The quantity was found to be about 75.5% of the weight of the tablet, or about 318 mg per tablet. This value tells the pharmaceutical companies how much to state the recommended dosage as based on how much ASA is needed to feel the headache and pain resistant effects. Also it can be used to state precautions for the customers based on the known LD50 value (200 mg/kg).

The purpose of this lab is to investigate the composition of a compound suspected to be Panacetin, a type of pain-killer. Panacetin is typically made up of sucrose, aspirin, and acetaminophen, but the third component in this experiment is unknown. The unknown component is suspected to be a chemical relative of acetaminophen, either acetanilide or phenacetin. Using techniques such as extraction, evaporation, and filtration, the three components will be isolated based on their solubilities and acid-base properties. Then, the percent composition of Panacetin can be deduced based on the masses of the three dried components. The

Pre-Lab: Analgesic drugs are known for reducing pain, while antiseptic drugs reduce symptoms such as fevers and swelling. However, some of these drugs can reduce both illnesses. To obtain a pure compound in these drugs, the scientist needs to separate the desired compound by taking advantage of the different physical and chemical properties. Such as; different boiling points, melting points and their solubility properties. To do this a chemist can also asses the differences between acidic and basic substances when they are added to water soluble mixtures. Within this current experiment I will asses the

In this experiment, several analgesics were analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and the composition of an unknown tablet was identified. We define chromatography as the separation of two or more compounds or ions by their molecular interactions by either a moving or a stationary phase.1 There are different types of chromatography: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Liquid Chromatography (GC), and Column Chromatography (CC). All of which there two phases:

| Analysis of urine by physical, chemical, microscopical means to test for the presence of disease drug.

AIM: To extract codeine and paracetamol from its tablet by solvent extraction and tentatively identify in comparison to standards using Thin Layer Chromatography.

The problem proposed in the experiment is an unknown ingredient found in generic Panacetin tablets that must be discovered. Panacetin tablets are known to contain aspirin, acetaminophen, and sucrose; therefore, the tablets tested, containing aspirin and sucrose, are thought to contain an unknown of something similar to that of acetaminophen such as acetanilide or phenacetin. Another problem trying to be sought out in the experiments is whether or not the composition of Panacetin as stated on the label is accurate.

All chemical compounds were from analytical grade. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) & urethane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, product of China; SB-334867 from Tocris Bioscience Co, UK; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) from Applichem Gmbh, Germany; Ketamine 10% and Xylazine 2% from Alfasan Co, Holland and diazepam from Caspian Tamin pharmaceutical Co. Rasht, Iran. Diazepam and 4-AP (fresh preparation) were diluted in saline. SB-334867 was dissolved in DMSO at final concentration of 4mM; aliquots of SB-334867 were kept in -20° C until use

The influence of various substances as compounds potentially interfering with the determination of risperidone was studied under optimum conditions with 300.0 μM risperidone at pH 7.0. The potentially interfering substances were determined from the group of substances commonly detected with risperidone in pharmaceuticals. The tolerance limit was specified as the maximum concentration of the interfering substance that caused an error of less than ±5% in the measurement of risperidone. According to the results, neither a 1000-fold excess of methanol, ethanol, NH4 +, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, SO42−, Al3+, SO42−NH4 +, Fe2+, Fe3+, CO32−, Cl− or F−, CO32−, alanine, phenylalanine did not affect the selectivity, nor a 50-fold excess of levodopa, carbidopa, methyldopa, epinephrine, norepinephrine and methylphenidate interfered with the determination of risperidone.

After realizing that the solvent moved up in ¾ the TLC plate was removed and marked where the solvent reached by using a pencil. The next step was spotting under UV light, and draw around different spot appeared. The Rf value obtained, showed a close range between Tylenol and acetaminophen, and between Anacin and Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin). This combination were also used in Co- spotting where on TLC plate, only two dots were drawn and placed a sample of acetaminophen overlapping Tylenol and Anacin overlapping aspirin on a second spot, and then used UV light gave two spot as predicated. Throughout this experiment possibly some error could have happened, like not putting the a lid on developing chamber as soon as possible, the solvent dried so fast when removed from glass jar this could have caused error in drawing a line in the wrong place and therefore interfering with our Rf values. TLC experiment are useful in biochemical analysis in separation of biochemical metabolites or constituent from its body fluids, blood plasm, and urine. TLC can be used in pharmaceutical industry for detection of impurity in a pharmacopoeias chemical (TLC

Several studies of combination drugs are being conducted or are being planned, although these trials face barriers that include pharmacokinetic interactions, the reliance on clinical rather than surrogate end points, and the relatively low financial incentive for drug companies to perform

All this type of medication have the similar action at the cellular level they inhibit intercellular calcium ion influx.

All active drugs should have no or minimal toxicity associated with their clinical application. Prodrug approaches can efficiently exploit to minimize toxicity of a specific drug candidate. Epinephrine is used to treat glaucoma which can cause several ophthalmic and systemic adverse effects. However, its ester prodrug dipivalylepinephrine exhibited enhanced bioavailability and lesser side effects than free epinephrine (Figure 5) (Mandell et al., 1978). Similar approaches were persuaded for a number of anti-inflammatory drugs where gastric irritation and bleeding are the most common side effects accompanied with their aaplication. Esterification of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents was found to be significantly suppress