Methods Of Observation A Surface Measurements

It is important that when Observing and recording you of selecting the appropriate method to suit desired aim of the observation it. We do observations to help look at the different areas of development i.e. physical, intellectual, emotional, and social.

Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables of a given region. A regions climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Climate is defined as the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period. It is also a region with particular prevailing weather conditions. Climate is overall variation of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure.

The measurements were collected using traditional, geothermic, and other types of thermometers. From there, the temperatures were compared using both contemporary measurements and historical measurements in order to determine the overall change which has occurred. This has been the process by which most measurements have been made regarding climate change; taking current measurements of temperature, geographical alterations, and other natural occurrences and comparing them to the traditional measurements which should have been expected if there were no change in the climate (Petit 1999, page 429).

Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control which is considered as working with instruments used to measure, record, and control process variables (for examples, fluid level and flow, temperature, and pressure). Control and measurement systems are very widely used in the petroleum product (oil and gas) industries, chemical and fertilizer industry, the pulp and paper industry, power generation, food processing and several other complex process. Control systems have attained significant applications in automotive industrial processes for the improved productivity, conserved entry, and reduced pollution. Instrumentation and control systems continue to be an extremely important field of technology with the rapid growth of industrial sector.

For example, we only measured the amount of dissolved oxygen on the perimeter of Barker lake. Thus, we are assuming that it is the same as the amount of dissolved oxygen in the middle of the lake. It affects are data because we do not have complete details about one of the most important parts of the lake so, if we did attempted to test hypotheses, they could be wrong. But, this was a systematic error because we did not have the equipment to collect water from the center. I think to fix this problem, we could've, though unlikely, used some sort of drone to collect a water sample from the center as it could easily traverse to it.

A comparison of the averaged weather station datasets versus the historic individual weather station datasets was made for both precipitation and Eto. The averaged monthly dataset preserved seasonality for both precipitation and Eto as illustrated in the figures. Notably, for the months of February, March, and April, the average monthly precipitation volume was lower than the actual weather station historic data. This occurred for two reasons: 1) the disparity in the number of observations between the two weather station datasets and the average resulting in the largest number of observations

Precipitation levels change over my garden with site 1 collecting the most over that night with 5mm of rainfall and site 9 collecting the lest with 1.2 mm of rainfall. The amount of precipitation in site 5 is mainly due to being under a gutter so all the precipitation would come down the gutter here therefore we don’t use this part of the garden much. Site 9 had the lowest precipitation collected this is mainly because the precipitation doesn’t collect in this location as most of it would falls down onto the shed and collects there instead as this area doesn’t get as much precipitation the tables and chairs are permanently set up there so the tables don’t get too wet if we want to eat on them the next day and being metal the tables and chairs wont rust as much.

Abstract—Diabetes is considered to be one of the major health care epidemics of modern era. The determination of blood glucose concentration using the self-monitoring blood glucose devices involves the chemical analysis of blood samples taken by pricking the finger or extracting blood from forearm. The pain, discomfort and inconvenience in the current invasive method have led to the feasibility study of non-invasive measurement techniques.

Calibrating your measuring instruments has two objectives. It checks the accuracy of the instrument and it determines the traceability of the measurement. The act of calibration can also include the repair of the device if it is found to be out of tolerance.

A type of precipitation is rainfall and it develops when water vapor condenses into droplets in the atmosphere thus becoming too heavy to stay suspended in the air so gravity causes them to fall. The pattern or occurrence of rainfall in the United States or basically anywhere in the world depends on several factors such as ground elevation, wind directions, location within a continental mass, areas of low pressure, cool fronts, jet streams and even mountain ranges. For instance mountains have an influence on wind and wind is an important feature in rainfall, “The windward sides of mountainous islands in the trade wind regime are among the rainiest places on earth, where rains exceed

The objective of this study was to compare observed rainfall amounts, maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature and maximum wind speeds at daily periods from two different types of automatic weather stations. An automatic weather station (AWS) is defined by the WMO (1992a) as a meteorological station where observations are made and from which the data is transmitted automatically. The AWS was designed to accurately measure and record standard meteorological variables. The design of AWS’s may vary from measurement rates, methods on how the data is retrieved or the intervals of when the data is reported (Tanner, 1990).

Meteorological Services to International Air Navigation is on a global scale regulated by two specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN): the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The WMO “is the UN system 's authoritative voice on the state and behavior of the Earth 's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources”(VWO, n.d) and (Yan, 2010). Via the Aeronautical Meteorology Program (AeMP) the WMOs objective is to warrant a global reliable availability of timely, cost effective and high quality meteorological services to aviation (VWO, n.d). The WMO provides relevant regulations in the Technical Regulations (WMO-No.49) Volume II for Meteorological Service to International Air Navigation. This publication is nearly identical to ICAOs Annex 3 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (WMO 2015). In addition to the Technical Regulations the WMO creates and provides documentation on how to implement the standard and recommended practices to its members on how to use meteorological instruments at aeronautical meteorological

Abstract: Continuous surfaces of rainfall climate variable are becoming increasingly used as input to spatially explicit atmospheric ,hydrologic ,ecologic and environmental models. Several methodologies exist for spatial interpolation of climate and weather parameters, among them is the ordinary kriging method .A large sampling effort is required to produce an accurate geostatistical map, and the extraction and analysis of each sample is often expensive, The effectiveness of a particular sampling scheme is dependent upon the spatial variability of the quantity being measured .In this paper ,we used the ordinary kriging method to estimate the rainfall distribution in Iraq. A total of 24 real points are used for evaluation. The results presents samples of maps for months January, October, March for years 2004, 2013 within the period of data.

undesirable particles in the air to adhere on the surface of the sample and will add up to its mass producing inaccurate results.

As shown in Figure 2.1, there is fair spatial distribution of meteorological stations in the study area. Most of the stations are with more than 40 years of rainfall records with time series of rainfall measurements from 1961-2015. But, there are data gaps and different recording periods. Therefore, in addition to meteorological records, a set of global climate layers (climate grids) with a spatial resolution of about 1 square kilometer has been used from Global Climate Data for the purpose of validating