Mevalonate Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

Before a caterpillar goes into it’s chrysalis it begins to eat a lot of food so it’s able to store energy which is a way of storing lipids.

Cholesterol is a waxy lipid found in all body cells; it has a structure containing multiple chemical rings and is found only in foods of animal origin.

High cholesterol is one of the most common diseases that occur in today's society. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 71 million American adults have high LDL "bad" cholesterol. When cholesterol levels are normal, they normally do not harm the body since cholesterol can be beneficial to the body. However, if excess amounts of cholesterol are in the body, it can become a threat. "Cholesterol is a waxy substance that plays an important role in building cell membranes and sex hormones" (Overview). The certain types of food you consume on a daily basis may affect the cholesterol levels in your blood. There are two types of cholesterol, which is your HDL (high density lipoprotein), "good", cholesterol, and your LDL (low density lipoprotein), which are the "bad" cholesterol. It is critical that an individual maintains his or her cholesterol levels because he or she can increase their risk of cardiovascular disease. LDLs are known to carry cholesterol into your arteries and clog them, which can cause strokes and heart attacks. On the other hand, HDL, help eliminate cholesterol from the arterial vessels and transport it to the liver, which is then defecated with body waste. According to Sroda, an individual's total cholesterol should be less than 200, LDL levels should be less than 130,

The mean voltage of the battery terminals while connected to the identification resistors is presented in Figure ‎4 12. These samples have been pulled out from the voltage sensor of the PEB panel. The voltage decreased as expected from 12.53 to 12.5 during first 20 seconds of connection to the

In the method of continuous variations the total number of moles of reactants is kept constant for the series of measurements. Each measurement is made with a different mole ratio of reactants. A mole ratio is ratio between the amounts in moles of any two compounds involved in a chemical reaction. Mole ratios are used as conversion factors between products and reactants in many chemistry problems.

Acetyl-CoA is catalyzed with oxaloacetate and water to form citric acid and a hydrogen ion. A proton is transferred from Acetyl-CoA, producing oxaloacetate which produces an enzyme bound intermediate, (s) Citroyl-CoaA which is immediately hydrolyzed to form citrate.

In the early 1900s, dietary fat was viewed simply as a source of calories, interchangeable with carbohydrates. But in 1929 and 1930, George and Mildred Burr discovered that fatty acids were critical to health through punctilious analyses of rats fed special diets. If fatty acids were missing in the diet, a deficiency syndrome ensued and often led to death (Asbmb.org. 2016). Fatty acids rarely occur as free molecules in nature but are usually found as components of many complex lipid molecules such as fats and phospholipids. Biological fatty acids are composed only of hydrocarbon chain which is carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion of 76%, 12.6% and 11.3% respectively with one terminal carboxyl group (COOH). Fatty acids are aliphatic

Malonate is an inhibitor of SDH, meaning that when placed in a solution that has SDH present it will bind to the active sites of enzymes making them unable to react, ultimately slowing down the reaction. For this lab it is expected that all three homogenates (liver, kidney and heart) will all have different sensitivities to malonate due to their different functions. The heart should react the most as it needs the most energy to function followed by the liver as it needs the second most energy and then the kidney. The more energy an organ needs the more enzymes it has to produce molecules like ATP. In this experiment the three homogenates were tested in different amounts of malonate and SDH.

Data were collected in September and November 2017 at the Elk Valley Preserve and Field Station in Banner Elk, NC. The preserve is located at 36°10'17.2"N 81°54'45.9"W, in Avery County in western North Carolina. The area is a mixed deciduous forest at an altitude of 1,127 m above sea level. Data were collected in early fall, during which temperatures average around 10-18 degrees Celsius. Summers in Banner Elk are typically mild, with temperatures averaging 21 degrees Celsius, and winters are cold and snowy, averaging near zero degrees Celsius. During the months of September and November there is an overall average precipitation of 12-25cm.

Abstract The aim of the experiment is to study the effect of Mepyramine and SIPBS Drug A on Histamine receptor of guinea pig ileum. The concentrations of Mepyramine and SIPBS Drug A used in this experiment were 5 x 10-9 M, 5 x 10-8 M and 5 x 10-7 M. Before Mepyramine or SIPBS Drug A was added into the reservoir, Histamine, the natural agonist for Histamine receptor, was added into the organ bath and the maximum peak contraction of the muscle was recorded, which was 15.6 gms and the EC50 was 2.016 x 10-7 M. The peak contraction of the guinea pig ileum increased as the concentration of the Histamine increased. The same pattern was obtained after the addition of antagonists as the maximum peak contraction was reached when the concentration of

The conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate by this enzyme is an early rate-limiting step in isoprenoid biosynthesis [5]. There are two distinct classes of HMG-CoA reductase; class I enzyme is present in mammals, plants, yeast, and most archaea, while the class II HMG-CoA reductase is present in prokaryotes [6]. The class II enzyme has been shown to be present in bacterial pathogens, including S. aureus and S. epidermidis and a functional mevalonate pathway has also been shown to be essential for the viability of these gram-positive pathogens [7]. Additionally, purified class II enzymes are four orders of magnitude less sensitive to competitive inhibition by statins than their class I counterparts

1. Describe what the results were. According to the results, the higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate the higher the reaction rate. The graph above shows the reaction rate compared to the sodium thiosulphate solution is almost a straight line showing the relationship of the sodium thiosulphate and the rate of reaction.

Patient #1 will need several lab and diagnosis test ran on the current medication list. A CBC and culture & sensitivity test is needed for the Vantin to determine if still needed for bacterial infection. Potassium level along with renal function, bicarb and pH level should be monitored for mineral and electrolyte replacement of potassium Chloride. Furosemide (Lasix), which is a diuretic, is being administered 40mg PO daily. Electrolytes, renal function, hepatic function, glucose levels along with uric acid level should be checked before therapy begins. Also, check for decrease in potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. Patient #1 is on several benzodiazepines Librium 25mg Q8h, Ativan 1mg every 1-2hrs orally as needed. And Serax 15mg

This is why it is so important for you to eat food that is healthy; so your body doesn't get over run with bad cholesterol.