Microbial Communities Found Within the Human Body.

When we were born tiny organisms surrounded and came inside your body. These tiny organisms are called bacteria. They are everywhere. Bacteria are prokaryotes. There are two kingdoms of bacteria which are archaebacteria and eubacteria. Archaebacteria already existed on earth billions of years ago before dinosaurs appeared. Some live in salty water and some in our intestines. Eubacteria live on and in your body. There are many types of bacteria that cause spoilage. Bacteria are mostly in vegetables and meat. Enzymes are proteins found in all plants and animals. If uncooked foods are not used while fresh, enzymes cause undesirable changes in colour, texture and flavour. Enzymes are destroyed easily by heat processing. Besides microorganisms, oxidation can affect food spoilage. Oxidation is atmospheric oxygen can react with some food components which may cause rancidity or color changes. Low temperature injury is the internal structures of foods which are damaged by very low temperature. Eating spoiled food caused by bacteria can get you food poisoning. To prevent food spoilage, keep food in refrigerators or inside a container to ensure its good quality. Wrapping food can keep food from spoiling and could save

However throughout the months via contact from relatives and outings the microbiome diversifies and there is competition for space. The bacteria begin to specialize and differentiate to become more adapted to their environment; the bacteria present on skin would be more suited to dry conditions than the gut which is wet and moist. The gut microbiome would also be more specialized in absorbing nutrients. As babies drink breast milk they would obtain bacteria from their mother and thus they would have a different gut biome to a baby who was fed formula milk as well as the introduction of solid foods would cause the microbiome to

Over two-thirds of adults, or nearly 69 percent are considered overweight or obese. Of those, more than one-third are considered to be obese, while more than 1 in 20 are classified with extreme obesity.1 The main causes of these overwhelming rates of overweight and obesity are all too familiar: an unhealthy diet, a sedentary lifestyle and to a lesser extent perhaps genes play a role as well. In recent years, however, researchers have become increasingly focused on a potential additional contributor to the obesity epidemic that lives inside us all: billions and billions of gut microbes or microbiota.2

Physiological books—specifically those about the gut microbiota and the importance of the digestive system—took up the most rows in my mental library due to the fact that I can use their knowledge to positively impact countless lives, starting with the ones closest to home. I grew up allergic to pollen, dust, peanuts, oatmeal, and even penicillin. My mother has an issue with Helicobacter pylori in her stomach and cholesterol levels. My father is genetically predisposed towards high blood pressure. Through these books, I gained a better understanding of the biological human; specifically, I learned about how central the digestive system is to the body, not only by providing nutrients but also, through its resident bacteria, by regulating immune function. Through learning more about this expansive mass, I can help my loved ones change their lifestyle and dietary habits to improve their

Did you know that there are more than a thousand different types of different tiny organisms called microbiota living inside your digestive system? Most people are probably grossed out by that, but it’s actually a good thing. The organisms break down food that our bodies can’t so that we can get nutrients from it. The article Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota explains that there are a lot of factors that affect the lives of the microbiota inside our digestive system. What we eat is a big factor that affects how microbiota live. When we were babies and drank breast milk, our microbiota used the nutrients from the milk to outlive other bacteria that could have been harmful to us. Experiments done to prove this were called

Bacteria, fungi, viruses and other organisms that make up the digestive system of our body actually outnumber the quantity of our cells. Over time research has made clear that these small organisms play a very important role in our health - both physically and mentally. All these microbes that inhabit our body are called microbiome, and they are estimated to weigh between two to six pounds. Most of these microbes live in our gut and intestines and they help us digest food, incorporate vitamins, and fight infections. Recent studies have revealed that bacteria in our digestive system not only affect our physical health, but it also plays a major role in our mental health. Gut microbiome has been linked to a range of complex behaviors, such

The integrity of the bowel wall in NEC is compromised, which leads to bacteria entering

Is the key to disease prevention, treatment, and longevity found within us? For many illnesses pervading in American society today, our bodies may hold the answer. Each individual human has more than 100 trillion bacterial cells in their gastrointestinal tract. The commensal and mutualistic relationship between this multitude of bacteria and their host has been seen to prevent and treat disease, as well as provide insight to a long, healthy life (Koboziev, 2014). The diversity of these microorganisms and their relative abundance within the gastrointestinal tract provides protection against disease and metabolism of food (Nicholson, 2012). Due to the great diversity in gut microbiota, the composition can serve as a biological fingerprint (Sunagawa, 2013). Any significant change in an individual’s gut

human cells, most of our body is inhabited by other organisms that range from neutral species to pathogenic dangers. This diverse spectrum of microorganisms is called the human microbiota, and is composed of around 10-100 trillion commensal microbial cells (1). These may include bacteria, fungi, viruses, most of which may be harmless. Microbiota are dispersed throughout our bodies, though seem to be particularly concentrated within certain bodily “ecosystems” such as the gut, the vagina, and the mouth. Interestingly, the diversity between these sites is quite great, with research showing that the microbiome of the hand could be around 80-90% different from that of the gut (1). These separate microbial sites within the body dictate how certain pathogens will be killed off, and how the balance of the site will be maintained. As a site most densely populated with microbiota, the gut is responsible for making sure that the vitamins and minerals within foods were sufficiently absorbed and digested; a feat only possible due to the magnitude of microbial organisms within the site (2). In this sense, each site is extremely important to the overall harmony of the human body. Techniques to identify certain microbial taxa, as well as their genomic patterns range from studies of cultured isolates, which are used to link bacteria to certain phenotypes, to taxonomic profiling, a

The human body harbours huge and complex microbial communities, called the microbiota. The microbiota is gaining importance in human health due to increasing evidence that its bacterial component plays a role in the occurrence of chronic diseases [1]. In this regard, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (or gut) bacteria are very important [2], being the niche for many bacteria which have been extensively studied [3]. Rather than the action of single or group of gut bacteria, perturbation of the overall gut bacteria (dysbiosis) is crucial for the integrity of the GIT and extra-GIT disorders [4]. The gut bacterial composition is influenced by both intrinsic and extraneous factors [5]. These extraneous factors include diet [6] and physical activity [7].

The gut microbiota is the range of microorganisms living within our body. We have 10's of trillions of microbes residing in our guts, totaling over 3 million genes.

The area of human gut microbiomics is rather new, but it represents the largest amount of DNA in the human body. Numerous studies are still underway and specifically, in regards to the neonatal gut, it is still unclear how certain bacteria would promote or help prevent the apparition of disease. (1)

Enteric bacteria are bacteria of intestines that are commonly found in the intestines of many animals. There are some types of bacteria that live in intestinal tracts of animals and could cause harsh diseases and reactions when infected with them, and they are known as enteric pathogens. Enteric bacteria belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Enteric bacteria is usually rod shaped, gram negative, non-sporulating, nitrate to nitrite reducing, acid production from glucose, and catalase positive. Identifying the pathogen identification is critical in order to control the disease. Some diseases Enteric bacteria is known to cause diseases such as typhoid fever, pneumonia, plague, bacillary dysentery, and food poison. Common characteristics found in enteric bacteria were compared to those found from an obtained isolate. The following characteristics are four key features of enteric

becomes more vulnerable to various pathogens that he or she may encounter despite sanitary practices.

The human gastrointestinal tract contains up to 1013 - 1014 cells (Savage, 1977). It show that a human gastrointestinal tract have a complex ecosystem made up of the gastrointestinal epithelium, immune cells and resident microbiota (Moal, et al., 2006; McCraken, et al., 2001). It is estimated a generation or doubling time between 1 and 4 per day. The three major sections of the human gastrointestinal tract are the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intestine. Each section of the organ on gastrointestinal tract has its own specific microorganism can be called microbiota as well. The stomach is primarily inhabited by aerobic gram-positive microorganisms (<103 CFU/g). The small intestine contains with the bacteria from the genera of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacteriocides, and Streptococcus (103 - 104 CFU/g) and the large intestine is populated by a large numbers (1011 - 1012 CFU/g) of bacteria from the genera of Bacteriocides, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Eubacterium (Savage,