Microbiol Case Study

|EMB Agar | |Distinguishes bacteria that ferment |Dark blue colonies with|E. coli and P. |

Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).

     The course that this disease takes is highly unpredictable in the first few years. This disease can be mild with few symptoms or it can be serious affecting the child’s life on a daily basis. Symptoms can worsen and disappear without clear reason. Sometimes a pattern for the acute and remission phases can be established, but not always.

SCID is characterised by the complete loss of immunity that is provided by the T cells as well as reduced functioning of C cells. Every year, the condition affects between 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 newborn babies. According to Rezaei, et al., (2008), the rate of incidence of SCID in newborn babies may be even higher than this due to the number of cases of children who die before doctors can make a positive diagnosis of the disease (Allenspach, et al., 2003). Without a bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy intervention, X-SCID is fatal within the first two years of life. Children who are born by parents without a comprehensive family medical history are usually hospitalized between the ages of six months and three years due to the development of oral candidiasis, recurrent episodes of infections that are caused by opportunistic parasites like Pneumocystis, and failure to develop lymph nodes and tonsils. In addition to this, patients with X-SCID may have rashes, diarrhoea, fever, coughs, and other bacterial infections like pneumonia, and sepsis (Rezaei, et al.,

There is a bacterial infection affecting a large percent of band students at Truman and Jackson Middle School. The type of bacteria is E. coli.

Mouth Swab - looks like coccobacillus; plaque: looks like single baccilus; Thick multi-layered – positive gram stain; colorless moving particles that resemble droplets clustered together

Although gang violence and the possession of firearms seem more detrimental to our society, the production of our food and how it is being genetically modified effects our well-being. Individuals know the health risk of food and the modification of it; however, the issue that revolves around this situation is that, people do not want to hear about what lies beneath the surface because they do not want to give up their addiction. Power and profit are the reasons why corporations treat living-beings as objects. American medicine revolves around treating people with illnesses, not preventing illnesses. The economic development and production of modern meat are responsible for outbreaks and the contamination of our livestock’s. The consumption of animal flesh is a prime contributor to today’s epidemic of heart disease, obesity and cancer.

The speaker for the last video cast is Dr. Steven Holland. He is a senior clinical investigator and the head of the Immune pathogenesis of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Dr. Holland received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University. In the late 90s he started at the NIH as a researcher. In 2002 he received the NIH distinguished teacher award. The topic that Dr. Holland talked about in this video cast is: Keeping Microbes at Bay: What White Cells Do.

We have been able to hold it at bay by aggressive chemotherapy, mainly derived from pediatric treatment regiments, unspecific to Burkitt’s. Chemotherapy, rituximab and prophylactic CNS treatment should be included as part of the treatment regimens. Early diagnosis with aggressive and early treatment can give very good long term survival rates for the patients, reaching around 70-80%. However, letting the disease advance and get into older age groups can be very rapidly lethal for the patients. It is a disease deserving of great attention and as we are at the edge of breaking through into its treatment. An effort made into early detection can make a vast difference in outcome for the

Our statistical data showed that the ages of the patient group ranged from 5.5 to 12.5 years with a mean of 8.84 ± 2.3 and ages of the children at onset of the disease ranged from 2 to 11.5 years with a mean of 7.36 ± 2.85 and this group included 17 males (56.7%) and 13 females

When a parent takes their child to the doctor the last thing they want to hear is that their child has cancer. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for a child to be diagnosed with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, also known as ALL. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is one of the most common forms of childhood cancer, and “makes up approximately 25% of cancer diagnoses among children under 15 years old” (3). Children under five years of age are at the most risk of developing ALL. Since it is an acute form of cancer once the onset has begun the disease quickly begins to worsen, therefore patients must seek treatment as soon as possible. “ALL is different than other diseases in that it is not just a single disease but also rather a group of related diseases with different subtypes”(1). This uniqueness causes the treatment of ALL to depend on the subtypes the patient has, therefore each

Immunosuppression with either antithymocyte globulin or cyclosporine is an effective therapy for patients who are not suitable BMT candidates, due to old age or lack of a suitable donor. However, in approximately one third of patients with AA, there is no response to immunosuppression. Immunosuppression can restore the patient’s blood count to normal or near normal for prolonged periods but improvement is not permanent and treatment must be repeated if relapse of AA occurs, and up to 40% of patients eventually relapse. Also, patients who successfully respond to immunosuppressive treatments are still at risk of eventually developing PNH, MDS, or leukemia (associated BMFDs). Considering the rates of relapse and secondary clonal disease following antithymocyte

TLRs play a crucial role in mediating protection against pathogens. The interactions between PAMPS and TLRs result in triggering of cellular responses with subsequent production of cytokines and other immunoregulatory molecules leading to induction of innate and adaptive immune responses. Previous studies have demonstrated that TLR ligands can be exploited prophylactically to confer immunity against pathogens (Gomis et al., 2004; Dar et al., 2009; St. Paul et al., 2012c; Barjesteh et al., 2015) and as vaccine adjuvants to enhance adaptive immune responses (Mallick et al., 2011). Although the role of TLR ligands in eliciting innate and adaptive responses has been characterized in the chicken spleen and bursa of Fabricius (St.

The MacConkey agar is capable of growing E. Coli because it inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and E. Coli is a gram-negative bacteria. If we took a stool sample from a healthy patient the selective media would be similar because E. Coli always grows on a MacConkey agar and E. Coli is always present in the human intestines. However the differential media would not be similar because of the amounts of E. Coli in the intestines and also whether it is infectious or not. Different kinds of E. Coli have the ability or inability to ferment lactose which changes the colors of the dyes after the incubation period.

Microbial consortia based management strategy involving the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB101 (BA), Streptomyces atrovirens N23 (SA) and Hypocrea lixii NAIMCC-F-01760 (HL) was developed for the management of tomato root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani (RS). Co-inoculation of two microbes SA+HL reduced maximum disease index in the glasshouse. Higher accumulation of chitinase, β-1, 3-glucanase, peroxidases, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase also resulted in SA+HL treated plant leaves and roots. Moreover, under field assessment SA+HL showed maximum disease reduction 76% by the dual application (microbial inoculum mixed with nursery soil and seedling root treatment before transplants in the field). The present study revealed that co-inoculation of SA+HL showed better defense against RS as compared to single microbes and co-inoculation could be a new effective strategy to manage root rot pathogen in eco-compatible manner.