Microbiology from the Mariana Trench

9. Oceanward of the oceanic trench, the ocean bottom first rises and then levels off to a depth of approximately 3900 m, making the deepest part of the ocean trench about [(1400)(2400)(3500)] m below the bottom of the abyssal plain ocean bottom west of the trench.

This lab uses earthquake data to construct profiles of two convergent boundaries: the Tonga Trench and the Peru-Chile Trench. Where two tectonic plates converge, if one or both of the plates is an oceanic lithosphere, a subduction zone will form. When crust is formed at a mid-ocean ridge, it is hot and buoyant meaning it has a low density. As it spreads away from the ridge and cools and contracts, or becomes denser, it is able to sink into the hotter underlying mantle. When two oceanic plates collide, the younger of the two plates, because it is less dense will ride over the edge of the older plate. The density of the

The youngest oceanic crust is located along the mid-ocean ridges where new crust is formed when the old crust is pushed away from mid – ocean ridges as a result of the seafloor spreading.

It is a gram-positive soil organism. Arthrobacter sp. will grow and divide in nutrient- rich soil. They are rod- shaped, tan to yellow in color, and smooth and glossy in colonies. Under normal conditions, they can grow rapidly and divide once every 2-3 hours (Poxleitner, M, et al). This bacterium is tolerant to multiple metals and it is extremely resistant to elevated concentrations of chromate It is also used in the number of carbon sources for growth including glucose, fructose, lactate, succinate, malate and hydrocarbons (Nakatsu, C, et al). In the SEA Phage Project, Arthrobacter sp. would be helping to create more bacteriophage to continue on completing the main objective of this

Submersibles can carry as many as 1,500 pounds of research tools to the ocean to research. Submarines could let marine biologists to stay underwater for six to 10 hours for observing and finding new object. These are only few important tool that marine biologist uses to observe and

The Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean, with water depths exceeding 8,400 meters which is actually the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and the deepest point not in the Pacific Ocean. In the Pacific trenches are located in places where one tectonic plate subducts or slides under another one. However, in the Atlantic trenches such as this one is formed

The trench between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate it is 2,200 miles long. The islands have formed on the continental side of the subduction zone. Subduction at this boundary has also caused some of the largest earthquakes for Alaska.The earthquakes originate deeper in the trench each time.The most hazardous place in the Aleutian Islands area is Dutch Harbor and Unalaska. Since the Aleutians are on an active fault zone, many Volcanic earthquakes happen.In addition,the Gulf of Alaska is nearby and causes tsunamis to hit the area. The islands contain mountain ranges on each one, which include the active and inactive

The breaking apart of this supercontinent was due to the movement of the Earth's Tectonic Plates. Tectonic Plates are large masses of the lithosphere or outer layer of the Earth's surface. The layers included in the Lithosphere are the Crust up to the upper layer of the Mantle. The Oceanic Crust is thinner and denser than the Continental Crust and can be found underneath the ocean. It is also more active than the Continental Crust that stretches 200 km below the Earth's surface. This crust drifts and moves either horizontally or vertically causing geological phenomenons such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc. The major tectonic plates are North American, Caribbean, South American, Scotia, Antarctic, Eurasian, Arabian, African, Indian, Philippine, Australian, Pacific, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, and Nazca. These plates move an estimate of 1 to 10 cm per year causing interaction at plate boundaries. When two plates are colliding or moving toward each other it is in Convergent boundaries. If these two plates are Oceanic Crusts, they are in Subduction zones wherein the denser plate in forced beneath the less dense plate and would eventually melt or destroy. On the other hand, when two plates move away from each other it is in Divergent boundaries. New crust material from molten magma formed below may fill the space between these plates or become ocean basins.

The deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean is the Puerto Rico Trench, which is between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The middle of the Atlantic Ocean is the Mid-Atlantic ridge, which is not the deepest part of the ocean, therefore makes the statement of my friend incorrect. Ocean floor can be divided into three different parts, which includes the continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and the mid-ocean ridge. Continental margins are usually found in the shallow areas that are closer to the continents, and with the Atlantic Ocean, it is at the East Coast of the US. Deep-ocean basins are the deep water areas and are further away from the continents, and it is found between the continental margin in the East Coast and the Mid-Atlantic

The Romanche Trench, also called the Romanche Furrow or Romanche Gap, is the third deepest of the major trenches of the Atlantic Ocean. It bisects the Mid-Atlantic Ridge just north of the equator at the narrowest part of the Atlantic. The trench has been formed by the actions of the Romanche Fracture Zone, a portion of which is an active transform boundary offsetting sections of the Mid-Atlantic

Deep ocean trenches are environments that have historically been shrouded in mystery, their inaccessibility rendering such limited explorations as net dragging and dredging for samples (Lee, 2012). While potential for chemosynthesis had been proposed as long ago as 1890, it was nearly a century later before such systems were demonstrated to be active on the ocean floor (German, 2011). Further investigation has shown that ecosystems are surviving and thriving along the ocean floor within these trenches. Studies have shown that deep ocean trenches contain ecosystems that are biologically and geologically active, producing a high diversity of organisms that must withstand a variety of environmental changes (Anderson et al., 2014). Recent explorations have confirmed new forms of life in deep ocean trenches. Life discovered in such an extreme environment is call for investigation.

The mid-Atlantic ridge runs like a spine along the ocean floor between the North and South Atlantic Ocean. It is a constructive plate boundary where crust is created and not destroyed. In the north Atlantic it separates the North American plate from the Eurasian plate and in the south-Atlantic it separates the African and south-American plates. It breaches the surface of the water at several different points along the length, both in the northern and southern hemisphere, but most notably where you find Iceland, the largest land mass to breach the surface at 102,775km2, with the highest point recorded at the top of the Oraefajokull volcano at 2109.6m. This however is not the highest point of the mid-Atlantic ridge, which is found on the Island of Pico, Portugal, at 2351m high, the lowest being Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, at 22.5m. (ALL WIKI)

1. One of the paramount topics we have covered in this course is oceanography (no surprises there). Rather than thinking of oceanography as “just” the study of the ocean, I have always viewed oceanography as the study of marine biology, marine chemistry, marine geology and marine physics. Before diving into any sort of detail, one can see (from the above) that oceanography incorporates four fundamental sciences into one topic; therefore, when asked to list three ways in which marine geology and marine chemistry interrelate, the possibilities are endless. Because we are to list just three examples, I am going to focus my answer on the Earth’s composition/layers. The first way these two fields interrelate is though convection currents (mantle). Density and temperature are two topics central to chemistry. Because density and temperature, along with depth, play a critical role in plate movement (geology), the plate tectonic theory is one example. The second way is through radioactive decay. Specifically, we use radioactive dating (e.g., isotope dating and half-lives) to determine the exact age of a specific geological structures. The third way these two fields interrelate is in determining the composition of the Earth’s inner core. I saved this example for last because it shows how marine physics can also be interrelated in marine chemistry and marine geology. We [scientific community] have a sound understanding of the Earth’s composition because of mass, density and temperature

the deepest marine trenches in the world (Rosenburg no. 6). With the interaction of the strong currents over the many reefs the topography is in a state of constant flux and development of new navigational hazards is swift (Rosenburg no. 6).

The Oman Sea has diverse environmental conditions, special hydrological regime and its sediments originated from different sources. Particularly, it has not been explored for actinomycetes yet (Karamouz et al., 2012). Hence, it can provide a rich source for novel therapeutic agents and new marine actinomycete species. Recovery of high frequency and diversity of actinomycete isolates is an essential prerequisite for a successful biodiscovery program (Genilloud et al., 2011). Therefore, we implemented four isolation media and two physical treatments to recover a diverse group of culturable actinomycetes. The results showed that glycerol Arginine Agar (GLAA) medium exhibited maximum isolation yield that might be because of the marine