Micronutrients During Pregnancy

* Baby need Vitamin C is necessary for a normal growth and development immune function and help with iron.

In Canada, a clinical study by De Wals et al was performed to assess whether or not folic acid fortification has an effect on the recurrence of NTDs (neural tube defects), especially on upper and lower birth defects called spina bifida (De Wals et al., 2008). The study was performed in three different regions in Canada: the eastern, western and central provinces (De Wals et al., 2008). Furthermore, the population of the study was conducted on three different types of births which were livebirths, stillbirths, and termination of pregnancies, and the study was carried out through three periods included prefortification, partial fortification and full fortifications (De Wals et al., 2008). The researchers followed the scientific investigation

Due to the loss of muscle mass, protein adequacy is also a problem in older adults because it is not advised to increase protein intake. Limited protein intake may result in vitamin A, C, D, calcium, iron, zinc, and other deficiencies (Grodner, 2012). Overall, Theresa’s small nutrient intake can result in many nutrient deficiencies.

Deficiency of the micronutrient folate continues to significantly affect the health of pregnant women and their children, globally. A great cause of concern with folate deficiency is the occurrence of Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) in new-born babies due to abnormal early foetal development. According to Greene et al. (2016), NTDs are abnormalities to the formation of the brain, spinal cord or related structures from early foetal development. The rate of the prevalence of NTDs varies between countries from 0.3 to 199.4 cases per 10,000 births. In Australia specifically, approximately 19.5 cases of NTDs occurred per 10,000 cases between 2009 and 2010 (Zaganjoy et al.,

You can avoid spina bifida by taking 400 micrograms of folic acid each day, even if you are not arranging to become pregnant. Also, some studies have revealed that if all woman would take a B-vitamin folic acid then the neural tube defects would be decreased by a whole 70%! Folic acid is a water soluble vitamin B source, and it helps make and build nice hearty cells. Although, it does not flow throughout the body long, that’s why you would have to take it once a day. If you have a bigger opportunity for your child to have spina bifida, then you should take a bit more of the vitamins. 10% is the right amount, so that would be about 4,000 ml of folic acid. One of the most efficient ways to make sure your offspring does not end up with the disability spina bifida is to take folic acid in the first three months of pregnancy and before the pregnancy as well. Also if you didn’t know, in the 1990s a study was done. It said that 70% of the neural tube defects could be stopped by a good dose of again, folic acid before and in early pregnancy. A accurate program of education that is taught publicly and the factor of putting folic acid in flavored foods has reduced the amount of neural tube defects in just a couple

These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, fiber, proteins, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins.

Prevention: by taking 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid every day. Studies have shown that if all women who could become pregnant were to take a multivitamin with the B-vitamin folic acid, the risk of neural tube defects could be reduced by up to 70%.

The benefits of increasing folic acid intake prior to and during pregnancy are to prevent birth defects of the baby’s brain and spinal

Folic Acid is a B vitamin, specifically B9. It is an essential nutrient required by the body to create healthy new cells. While we hear about it mostly in regards to pregnancy, it is important to understand that the need for folic acid goes even beyond this. Folic acid is essential for the body to create red blood cells which in turn prevents anemia. It is also plays an important role in the metabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid.

Folate is a necessary vitamin part of the B complex group, not synthesized de novo, but consumed through foods such as leafy green vegetables (Djukic, 2007). In the developing fetus, folate transport across the placenta is regulated by reduced-folate-carriers and folate receptor proteins, which allow large folate requirements needed for high cell proliferation rates to be met. Both also show an increased pattern of expression during neural tube closure, indicating that folate has a crucial role in CNS development (Djukic, 2007). Fleming and Copp (1998) demonstrated this by successfully treating mice embryos predisposed to neural tube defects using folic acid supplements. The mechanism of its action on neural tube development is currently still not fully understood. However it is known that folate is crucial for

Deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc result in deaths; deficiencies of iodine and iron, together with stunting, contribute to children not reaching their developmental potential. Iron and calcium deficiencies can contribute substantially to maternal deaths. Maternal iron deficiency is related with babies with low weight (<2500 g) at birth. Nutrients like iron, proteins, copper, folate, zinc, iodine and certain fats play important role in building the brain during pregnancy. Zinc, in particular, supports the development of the autonomic nervous system, the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Iron impacts the myelination of the nerve fibers which affects the brain’s processing speed. Long chain PUFA’s, typically found in breast

It is thought that nutrients insufficiency plays crucial role in preeclampsia development in pregnant women. Micronutrients and vitamins have clinical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and they are substantial for normal placentation by acting on placental endothelial function. In addition, nutrients contribute to the spiral artery remodeling and angiogenesis. (Ilekis et al., 2017).

In Australia, the reasonableness and effectiveness of folic acid being mandatorily fortified to support healthy pregnancy when considering the occurrence of NTDS in Australian children due to the amount their mothers have consumed of folic acid during pregnancy. The main purpose for creating a mandatory policy to include folic acid to the wheat flour of non-organic bread in Australia is to reduce the incidence of NTDs across the nation. Substantial rates of NTDs occur worldwide as significantly more folate is needed early in pregnancy than in other life stages. This early stage of pregnancy is often when women are unaware that they are pregnant. The folate is required for the development of the embryonic neural tube, which develops into

In pregnancy the body needs to produce cells to help with the development and nourishment of the growing fetus; it also helps to make red blood cells . During pregnancy, risks can be associated with toxaemia, premature birth and haemorrhaging if there is no folic acid in the diet (Youngson, 2005). Folic acid contributes to several major biological processes and these include the combination of RNA, DNA and proteins. It is needed to help with the repair and replication of DNA and the maintenance of the genome and it is also involved in the regulation of gene expression (Hendler & Rorvik, 2008).

Vitamins are parental nutrition (PN) constituents used to provide daily requirements and supply deficiencies in neonates. The vitamin loss in the parental nutrition bad is commonly caused by chemical degradation. The reduction thiamine and oxidation of vitamin C are the frequent reactions of chemical degradation. The vitamin C is most unstable vitamin added to parental nutrition. It is highly oxidized. Its oxidation is influenced by high temperatures and the catalysis by the oligo-elements like copper. Its first degradation route is reversible and has biological activities while the remaining degradation routes are irreversible and lack biological activities. The degradation of vitamin C depends on the availability of oxygen in the medium (packaging material used). Various amino acids also affect the vitamin C stability due to its copper ions chelating and this reduces its potential which further decreases residual oxygen effect. The vitamin C end product (oxalic acid formation) possesses a toxic potential and quickly interacts with free available calcium ions thereby initiating calcium oxalate precipitation.