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What Is Statistics?
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Learning Objectives
Goals
When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:
LO 1-1 List ways that
1 Organize data into a frequency distribution. statistics is used.
FPO
LO 1-2 Know the differences
2 Portray a frequency distribution in a histogram, frequency between descriptive and polygon, and cumulative freinferential statistics. quency polygon.
LO 1-3 Understand the differ3 Present data a sample and a ences between using such graphical techniques as line population. charts, bar charts, and pie
LO 1-4 charts. Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative variables.
LO 1-5 Compare discrete and
continuous
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Why is this so? What are the differences in the statistics courses taught in the Engineering College, the Psychology or Sociology
Departments in the Liberal Arts College, and the College of Business? The biggest difference is the examples used. The course content is basically the same. In the
College of Business we are interested in such things as profits, hours worked, and wages. Psychologists are interested in test scores, and engineers are interested in how many units are manufactured on a particular machine. However, all three are interested in what is a typical value and how much variation there is in the data. There may also be a difference in the level of mathematics required. An engineering statistics course usually requires calculus. Statistics courses in colleges of business and education usually teach the course at a more applied level. You should be able to handle the mathematics in this text if you have completed high school algebra.
So why is statistics required in so many majors? The first reason is that numerical information is everywhere. Look in the newspapers (USA Today), news magazines ( Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report), business magazines
(Bloomberg Businessweek, Forbes), general interest magazines (People), women’s
LO 1-1 List ways that
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What Is Statistics?
magazines (Ladies Home Journal or Elle), or sports
An example of math being used is when an officer is sent to investigate a crime scene. The officer must calculate and take measurements of every part of the room in order to gather evidence from the incident. It is important that the information gathered from the scene is as accurate as possible. Criminal investigators use the date and time to make sure a suspect’s story is in sequence. Math is also used to find crime statistics and rates. Finding the crime rates of an area allows officers to see where there needs to be more police presence to help reduce crime. Students majoring in Criminal Justice are required to take a basic statistic class. Math is necessary in basic police work and in crime scene
Prior to this course I have used statistics in my professional life. During my previous employment at the University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine I worked in the student admissions which made my primary job focus the student application process. This process required me to compile statistical information on our applicant pool for faculty and administrative staff to determine who would be accepted. This statistical data included both categorical data, such as current grade level in undergraduate studies, gender, and ethnicity, as well as numerical data such as age, GPAs, average number of courses taken in a semester, credit hours completed, and test scores (Mirabella, 2011). After the admissions process was completed, these different
Even though some statistics do not measure what they claim but this doesn’t mean that all official statistics are equally invalid. There are hard and soft statistics, soft statistics tend to give a much less valid picture of reality. They often come from administrative records created by state agencies such as the health service, police, courts and schools. The soft statistics represent a record of the decisions made by these agencies rather than a picture of the world. E.g. truancy statistics show the number of pupils schools have caught truanting/defined as truanting, not the same thing as the number who actually truanted. Soft statistics often have a ‘dark figure’ of unrecorded cases this is due to many reasons e.g. victims not reporting a crime or if crimes are seen as too petty agencies might not record them. Whereas hard statistics provide more of a valid picture e.g. statistics on births, marriages and divorces. This is because there is little dispute as to how define the categories used to collect data and they are often created from registration data (there is a legal requirement to register births and deaths).
Stats 250 is one of the biggest classes at the university of Michigan. It's a class with concepts that is applicable to life, therefore stats 250 is one of the requisites for many majors at the University of Michigan. I have personal never official taken a stats course until this semester, however I never noticed how much I used stats in my logic and reasoning up until now. In the future, I plan to be apart of and hopeful conduct my own research one day. Stats will come on handy for this very purpose. For instance, in order to best interpret my data, I would need to know the basics ideas of concepts we have learned in stats. Concepts such as, testing competing theories, errors, sample size and what is statistical
Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, from the physical and social sciences to the humanities. Statistics are also used for making informed decisions and misused for other reasons in all areas of business and government. Statistical methods can be used to summarize or describe a collection of data; this is called descriptive statistics. In addition, patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations, and then used to draw inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called inferential statistics. Both
Encourage students to take other courses in the mathematical sciences. On the one hand, general education courses provide the last formal mathematics experience for most students and so must stand on their own intrinsic merits. On the other hand, they should be designed to serve as gateways and enticements for other mathematics courses.
Inferential statistics: Paired‘t’test, chi square test and independent‘t’ test . P value less than 0.05 used to indicate significance.
Statistics isn’t like any other type of math where you see a lot of x and y but you don’t see where you’re going to actually use it in your day-to-day life. Statistics is surrounding you no matter where you are, or what you’re doing. Even with this being true there’s still an alarming amount of people who don’t know what statisticians are doing to come up with these statistics. The problem with this is, if you don’t know what they should be doing then you don’t know when they are doing it wrong.
Do you have a study plan for this course? If not, you should have one.
To begin with, statisticians are people that study with data. Statisticians are usually constantly being in with numbers. From the given data, they must analyze and interpret data. This requires harsh critical thinking and problem solving. They have to scrutinize the data to identify common relationships in the data. Also, statisticians are able to form hypotheses from the given data. Importantly, they
Algebra & Statistics: Statistics, including concepts like independent and dependent variables, exponents, probability and graphs, play a large role in psychology research and many psychology programs require at least one statistics course.
Statistician is a job you need to work with numbers and different patterns. This job requires 4 years of Education and you will receive $40- 110k a year. This job needs at least knowledge of advanced mathematics and problem solving.This job deals with science, math,and other things that deal with the world. It uses real world
Advanced Statistics has always been an intriguing and complex concept to study. In recent years, statistics educators have focused attention on rethinking the process of statistics education at both the college and pre-college levels. Research suggest that while statistics educators have focused on improving the cognitive side of instruction, i.e., the skills and knowledge that students are expected to develop, little regard has been given to non-cognitive issues such as students' feelings, attitudes, beliefs, interests, expectations, and motivations. Despite the difficulty of fully understanding statistics, it is one of the most important things that you can study. Statistics is the science of learning from data and just about everything you do includes data. Due to the large number of students reporting feelings of stress and anxiety, McGrath, Ferns, Greiner, Wanamaker, and Brown (2015) conducted a study on students taking Advanced Graduate Psychology Statistics Courses. The purpose of the study was to examine how to reduce anxiety and increase self-efficacy with an Advanced
Statistics is important in understanding the information and communicating findings to one another (Healey, 2015). I never paid much attention to statistics before because math has always been my least favorite subject. I was very hesitant in taking this course but many people assured me that I could succeed and that statistics is far more interesting than any mathematical course I will ever take. Statistics is so relevant; the more I am noticing it because of knowledge I have obtained from this course. For example, the article I will be discussing defines the differences of gender and race within advertising (Plous & Neptune, 1997). Statistics can be used to analyze the amount of advertisements printed, the different gender and race of models, the year and percentage amount of gender and race bias occurs, the percentages of the exposure different gender and race models etc. I can’t say that I completely understand statistics but I very much enjoyed this course and when I read statistical information, I at least can analyze the information given rather than just passing off random numbers. We often need a strong proof and thoughtfully analyzed data to build and enhance our theory and understanding of something, which is what statistics provides to make sense of the data (Healey, 2015).
There is an old adage that many mathematicians often use: "There are lies, there are damn lies, and then there are statistics." While seemingly comical, having a notion like this is indicative of the idea that statistics are not as completely objective as many people believe. The purpose of statistical analysis is to describe and summarize information, to make predictions or generalizations, and to identify relationships and associations between variables. The two major types of statistics are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics describes the data by summarizing into more understandable terms; inferential statistics make predictions about variables or a population based on observable trends. However, statistics are only as good as the numbers used in the formulas, and the presentation. For instance, if a study says product A is 25% better than product B, one might ask 25% better than what? Or 80% of all physicians use Product A is that 80% of those asked, 80% of all, or 80% of what? In American Earth, there is a notation in which the engineer explains, "When this road is built you'll get ten, twenty, thirty times as many tourists as you get now" (AE, 418). How is this proven? How many tourists travel there now, and where is the data that shows that a new road would increase tourism rates by 10-30 times, meaning 100-300%?