Middle Class Women in 19th Century American Society

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, “The Yellow Wallpaper,” tells the story of a woman suffering from post-partum depression, undergoing the sexist psychological treatments of mental health, that took place during the late nineteenth century. The narrator in Gilman’s story writes about being forced to do nothing, and how that she feels that is the worst possible treatment for her. In this particular scene, the narrator writes that she thinks normal work would do her some good, and that writing allows her to vent, and get across her ideas that no one seems to listen to. Gilman’s use of the rhetorical appeal pathos, first-person point of view, and forceful tone convey her message that confinement is not a good cure for mental health, and that writing,

The “rest cure” was a common treatment for depression in women in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Women were locked in a room involuntarily and forced to “rest.” The patient was locked in a room and not allowed to leave or function in any type of way. The narrator in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s story The Yellow Wallpaper is subjected to this cure. The story is written to expose the cruelty of the “resting cure”. Gilman uses the wall paper to represent the narrators sense of entrapment, the notion of creativity gone astray, and a distraction that becomes an obsession.

“The Yellow Wallpaper” is a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in which she describes the treatment of a woman diagnosed with a nervous disorder by her doctor and is prescribed the “rest cure.” The story describes the submissive, childlike obedience of women to men that was considered typical at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the story, there are many symbols that highlight women’s infantilization within marriage and a sexist society. The symbolism of the wallpaper and the woman trapped within it are essential for the message of Gilman’s short story “The Yellow Wallpaper”.

Through a woman's perspective of assumed insanity, Charlotte Perkins Gilman comments on the role of the female in the late nineteenth century society in relation to her male counterpart in her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper." Gilman uses her own experience with mental instability to show the lack of power that women wielded in shaping the course of their psychological treatment. Further she uses vivid and horrific imagery to draw on the imagination of the reader to conceive the terrors within the mind of the psychologically wounded.

The role of women in society was displayed quite clearly by the entrance of John’s sister. The woman writes, “There comes John’s sister. Such a dear girl as she is, and so careful of me! I must not let her find me writing. She is a perfectionist and enthusiastic housekeeper, and hopes for no better profession. I verily believe she thinks it is the writing which makes me sick!” John’s sister is representative of the typical woman. A woman who is pleased with her life, and wishes for no more. John’s wife, however, is rebelling on her place in society by writing. This is why she includes the statement; “…I verily believe she thinks it is the writing which makes me sick!”

In her story, The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman expresses exasperation towards the separate male and female roles expected of her society, and the evident repressed rights of a woman versus the active duties of a man. The story depicts the methods taken to cure a woman of her psychological state during Gilman’s time, and delineates the dominant cure of the time period, “the resting cure,” which encouraged the restraint of the imagination ("The Yellow Wallpaper: Looking Beyond the Boundaries") Gilman uses the unnamed narrator to represent the average repressed woman of her time and how her needs were neglected in an attempt to mark a fixed distinction between the standards and expectations of men and women. John, the narrator’s husband, take the designated and patriarchal role of a man who believes he knows everything there is to know about the human mind. His belief of his superior knowledge pushes him to condescend, overshadow, and misunderstand his wife. As a result, his wife loses control of her life and escapes into her own fantasy world, where she is able dominate her imagination, free her mind, and fall into insanity. Gilman describes her era’s approach toward female psychology in order to criticize the patriarchal society she lived in as well as to reveal its effects on the women of her time.

“The Yellow Wallpaper,” written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1892, is a great example of early works pertaining to feminism and the disease of insanity. Charlotte Gilman’s own struggles as a woman, mother, and wife shine through in this short story capturing the haunting realism of a mental breakdown.The main character, much like Gilman herself, slips into bouts of depression after the birth of her child and is prescribed a ‘rest cure’ to relieve the young woman of her suffering. Any use of the mind or source of stimulus is strictly prohibited, including the narrator’s favorite hobby of writing. The woman’s husband, a physician, installs into his wife that the rest treatment is correct and will only due harm if not followed through. This type of treatment ultimately drives the woman insane, causing her to envision a woman crawling behind the yellow wallpaper of her room. Powerlessness and repression the main character is subject to creates an even more poignant message through the narrator’s mental breakdown. The ever present theme of subordination of women in “The Yellow Wallpaper” is advanced throughout the story by the literary devices of symbolism, imagery, and allegory.

In the early 1900’s some women were employed but it was nothing near the availability that men could choose what they wanted to do. Women did not have the chance to get almost any job where they had authority. Lower class women could be hired as household help or servants, assembly line laborers, prostitutes, and so on. Middle class women could help, now and again, with a family-run company, yet by and large, the economy and the general public directed that women ought to work in the home, dealing with home and health. They could be instructed and could examine, the length of it, as long as it didn't get in the way of their housework. Any genuine or energetic study of any subject was viewed as unsafe to the family, unless that genuine and enthusiastic

American women’s expectations in the 19th century began to rapidly change because of the evolution of industrialism. Women and their children were becoming the main workers for piece work. The cult of the “True Womanhood” brought the idea of piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness was a part of who they were and their lifestyles as middle-class women. It provided ongoing training with advice through the “Godey’s Magazine.” The working class women could not hold themselves to these standards for several reasons. Industrialization and the rise of the middle class impacted expectations of American women by enabling them to contribute to a capitalist society. However, capitalism created distinct class divisions that prevented working class women from achieving the ideals of feminity. Working class women did not have the same privileges as the middle class because they would have to spend the majority of their daily lives working.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, reveals to it’s readers the unethical and at times tortuous treatments for women during the late eighteen to mid nineteen hundreds, specifically the resting cure. Part of Gilman’s great success in portraying the personal feelings and thoughts of the narrator during this treatment can be attributed to her own tragic encounter with the resting cure shortly after her first child’s birth. Throughout Gilman’s life, she became a strong asset to the women’s rights movement, and the destruction of the resting cure by using her writings such as The Yellow Wallpaper to do so. At first glance, Gilman’s story begins in a innocent manner, but slowly escalates as the main character Jane’s

Nineteenth century America was the century of the middle class. The middle class’ main concern was the development of power and prestige. At the time, a woman’s main role was to obediently represent the power and prestige. Often, this was reflected through their dress and fashion. The development of the etiquette book provided a mean for codifying class-based proper behavior and fashion. Etiquette books provided readers with a guide to help increase their social status, and help solidify class differences. Middle class women often seized upon fashion as means to segregate themselves from the lower classes.

She feels that, “congenial work, with excitement and change, will do [her] good” (Gilman, 489). However, her wishes are ignored. Her husband, as a “physician of high standing,” (Gilman, 489) would obviously knows more than she about the inner workings of her mind. Jane, the narrator, is then deprived of any contact with anyone or anything outside of a room that she hates. Her wishes are constantly disregarded, and the only outlet she has is to write, since it gives her “such a relief” to “say what [she] feels[s] and think[s]” (Gilman, 494).

In “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Gilman writes of a doctors’ so called “rest cure” designed to alleviate depression the main character was suffering after the birth of her daughter. The story early on begins to take on strong symbols including the room the woman was kept in, as well as the wallpaper of the room in order to show the outside societies view of women and how women are trying to find their own place.

In the mid to late nineteenth century, America was full of potential. Settlers were cultivating the west, blacks that were once captive were no longer enslaved, and a woman’s role in society was undergoing a transformation. The reality of this all was, blacks were not considered equal status with whites, American Indians were being pushed out west and women were still considered second-class citizens.

As the story begins, the narrator’s relationship with John is already erupting. She does not agree that extensive rest is the best thing for her and feels that “congenial work, with excitement and change,” would be more suitable for her needs. However, she does feel that he knows best and seems consciously guilty of overlooking it. She informs the reader that “I have a scheduled prescription for each hour in the day; he takes all care from me, and so I feel basely ungrateful not to value it more” (Gilman 239). These conflicting emotions cause the narrator to have stress. There are times when she wishes she could write in her journal freely, but she knows that John would disapprove and condemn her for it. Writing is her way of expressing feelings and thoughts, but keeps it hidden from John which is tiring. As