Middlesex by Jeffery Eugenides tell the story of Cal and his ancestors. Through this story Eugenides implements science in order to inform the readers what made Cal what he is. Science adds a shroud of realism to hide that the story is nonfiction. Eugenides adds more complexity to his work by arguing the relevance of science in the modern world. He doesn’t endorse science completely because he also critiques science for its lack of compassion when it comes to treating people with unfortunate genetic mutations such as Cal.
Science in fiction can emphasize topics such as fate through the use of an intersex character. For example, in Dr. Luce’s case file on Calliope, he writes how the girl was raised is what will determine what kind of
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He brings in heredity as way to argue that we were destined to be what we are today due to our genes and the passing on of those genes. He presents the ideas and leaves it up to the reader to decide. This makes the novel engaging. Describing how Cal became intersex grounds the novel in realism and makes the fiction seem like nonfiction. There are many instances where this occurs like in the first page when Cal tells the readers that, “Specialized readers may have come across me in Dr. Peter Luce’s study, ‘Gender Identity in 5 Alpha-Reductase Pseudohermaphrodites,’ published in the Journal of Endocrinology in 1975. Or maybe you’ve seen my photograph in chapter sixteen of the now sadly outdated Genetics and Heredity” (Eugenides 1). Eugenides implements science to make Cal seem like an actual hermaphrodite. This can make readers who are unaware that Middlesex is fiction believe that Cal is more lifelike and this adds more human characteristics. This is a method to bring needed attention to the lives and discrimination that hermaphrodites faced and still face. Eugenides use of heredity also adds more realism to the novel by describing how Cal became intersex. This adds more color to the ancestors of Cal and grounds him in realism down to his genes. This kind of microscale realism adds to the effect that this is nonfiction. Eugenides goes even further by describing Cal’s genitals. This may seem to be inappropriate, but it
In this section of chapter 3 Georgian Davis talks about the power the medical field had on the topic of the intersex body. Georgina set up an interview at a pediatric medical center with Dr. I who was a well-known expert of the intersex body. After the publication of the “Consensus Statement of Management of Intersex Disorders” intersex language had been replaced with the terminology DSD (Disorders of Sex Development) in the medical profession. As mentioned in chapter 2 she reiterates critiques that the medical field have undergone based on their inability to diagnose honesty to people with intersex traits. She noted that the medical profession can either do harm or good to the intersex community based on its position in the level of gender structure. In the medical profession, there was not always a form of naming abnormalities. It began with the Greeks and continued into the 18th century until they created a classification of the many medical traits. Sociologist Phil Brown argues that for there to be diagnostics there has two be two parts to complete it. One the diagnosis is technique which includes forming the classification by using various tasks and techniques. While the work diagnosis includes clinical evaluations and task. By using this form of diagnosis, we can better understand intersexuality.
The characters are an important technique used to position the reader to see how precious the environment is. Abel is the most important character and is constructed as a boy that is passionate and cares
He also backs his theory by giving examples of "some typical lifestyles and some not so typical lifestyles", which means he shows you a complete profile of a persons life including: "Mother and fathers name and occupation, Principal child-rearer,
Middlesex is an outline of the life of Calliope Stephanides who grew to the age of fourteen believing that she was a girl with unnatural thoughts for the same sex. As puberty takes hold of her friends and classmates, both Calliope and her family begin to worry about the growing gap between her and the average teenage girl; this marks the beginning of a new life for Calliope who finds she is really a he. Under the new name, Cal, this individual struggles with identity management as he traces his transformation from female to male and the genetic condition, beginning with his paternal grandparents that caused it. “I was born twice: first, as a baby girl, on a remarkably smog less Detroit day in January of
of the themes in the novel easier to see and decipher. Using the archetypes that he did
In this coming of age novel Lucy, by Jamaica Kincaid, a story is told of a young girl named Lucy as her life in America changes from what it was in the West Indies. Lucy struggles throughout the novel to find what exactly she desires. Drifting further and further from being similar to her mother. Lucy and her development throughout the novel are shown through her virginity, heterosexuality, and love as Kincaid forces questioning upon what is sexual normality. How one can feel trapped under sexual norms and feels lost.
The author was very heavy in the Pathos category. He invested strongly in using stories and vivid language to get their point across to the readers. For example, in paragraph 4 the author talked about living north of New York City. Talking about how most of the vehicles people would see on the road would be an SUV or a light truck. They went on saying
significant because it shows that the book is trying to draw a picture in the reader's mind about
Similarly, both texts use defamiliarisation to give representations on gender. The futuristic shifts are used to reflect contextual shifts in gender paradigms. In The Matrix, this is apparent through all the androgynous characters, such as Trinity, Switch and to some
Female characters are influential in John Wyndham’s The Chrysalids. In the novel, three women are of paramount importance in comparison to all others in shaping David’s views and opinions: Sophie, the Sealand woman, and Aunt Harriet. In the society of Waknuk, individuals exhibit prejudice repeatedly throughout the novel through their own blinkered treatment of deviations. David Strorm’s, a twelve-year-old boy whose parents brought him up in such lifestyle, interactions with those three women throughout the novel sways him to have second thoughts about it. Their dealings with David each have a particular impact on his life. Sophie allows for doubt to enter David’s life for the first time; the Sealand woman expands his views and prompts him to consider other beliefs different from those of his society; and Aunt Harriet makes him more conscious of his society’s despicable activities and more attentive to it. In John Wyndham’s The Chrysalids, Sophie, the Sealand woman, and Aunt Harriet are instrumental in influencing David’s outlook on society.
emotions felt by characters in the novel. His use of language in this way helps convey his
Cal’s narration of his own life is reliable, because his part of the story is coming from experience. None of the experiences seemed to be blown out of portion, because of the time period, the nineteen sixties to the nineteen seventies, Cal’s deficient chromosome was to some extent a phenomenon. “I’ve been ridiculed by classmates, guinea-pigged by doctors, and researched by the march of dimes…”(3). Cal’s description of being treated like a guinea pig with the amount of tests he had to be on would be accurate, because of the time period in which this is developing. The perspective of Cal’s story does not shift, because than it would not be as reliable and relatable to the reader in Cal’s struggles through the story. The important idea’s of Cal’s personal story are admitted to amplify why he chose to become a male instead of the female he was raised as.
the most important literary elements in the story. He takes a young black boy and puts
Another reason why the book is so worthwhile to read is that it captures another aspect of the human story:
Gareau expands on the concept of the development of human nature in the chapter seven. Through a series of interviews and examples, Garreau attempts to explain and clarify what it means for humans to transcend and how technological advance will have an impact on that transcendence. Garreau starts out the chapter with an explanation that throughout human history, humans have been changing and evolving, with examples such as fire and writing. Then, Garreau describes the way human nature is being changed: “Even the least educated among us is not raised by wolves, feral and wild. He grows up shaped by contemporary humans who own television, who have been shaped by modern society” (237). This quote further suggests that human nature may be impacted the advancing GRIN technologies.