Migration, Remittances, Inequality and Poverty the Philippines

Third World immigration into the U.S. has not produced a highly skilled labor force, as the above statistics show. Instead, the U.S. labor pool has become flooded with low level, menial laborers, whose desperation for work of any sort has undercut the wages paid at the lower end of the labor market, which in turn made it more difficult for native born American citizens to escape poverty. An estimated 1,880,000 American workers are displaced from their jobs every year by immigration. The cost for providing welfare and assistance to these Americans is over $15 billion a year. (Associated Press, 1997)

The pace of immigration in the contemporary scenario has increased significantly. Historically, movement of people from rural areas to cities and under-privileged nations to rich, affluent countries was a normal phenomenon. As increasing poverty and unemployment in the modern world have forced many poor workers in under-privileged and developing countries to search opportunities elsewhere, the demand in the developed countries like Canada have increased, especially for low-wage, low skilled, temporary workers. In Canada, the reluctance of many Canadians to accept low wage, low-skilled, temporary employment has fueled the demand for

To begin it is helpful to understand that the word “migrant” is a rather contested concept, one that changes over time, and varies depending on the criteria used to assign it.(Raghuram & Erel, 2014, p.133)

The main point of chapter two is to explain why economies do not have a fixed number of jobs regardless of manpower. This is a common misconception whereas an increase in the manpower of an economy will increase the unemployment rate. However, due to large numbers of migrations that have occurred recently, real world experiments can be observed to understand the impacts. What has been learned from these events is that a reactive economy can handle fluctuations in the size of the workforce satisfactorily. The Mariel boatlift is a good real world example of a large migration from Cuba to Miami had little impact on employment and wages in Miami. The economic explanation for this illogical occurrence is due the ability the Miami economy was

The global mobility of human resources between countries is a key driving force of the currently ongoing economic and regional development all over the world. It is indisputable that the immigration of international labour force would exert many positive and important impacts on the economic, cultural and social structure of both migrant-receiving and migrant-sending countries. Actually, the trend of temporary and permanent immigrants increasing in some western countries began to gain momentum in recent years. Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD 2004) reports indicated that there were more than 1 million new immigrants in the United States in 2001 and 2002, increased by 25% from 2000; in some European countries

This paper has investigated immigrants’ employment rates in terms of entry, assimilation, and cohort effects, and the paper also takes economic conditions into account. To identify the potential mechanisms leading to this deterioration, further research can be extended to different factors of deterioration, especially

Migration policies are often designed with the sole objective of influencing international migration by either restricting or encouraging circular migration, immigration or emigration(Ripsman & Paul, 2010). Open border policies have contributed to the uncontrolled to the flow of illegal immigrants into countries and in turn generating challenges to the host countries. The fundamental basis for arguments has been whether open immigration policy or restricted immigration policy

Low wages in Indonesia were estimated to cover just “70% of the basic needs of one individual – let alone a family”. Their Korean counterparts were found to have followed similar practices in addition to verbal abuse of employees who did not meet production quotas (Locke, 2002). Child labor was a concern in Pakistan, where

The United States’ quota based immigration system weakens the country’s ability to sustain its position in the increasingly competitive global economy. Although the United States has a substantial flexible labor market, huge international corporations and some of the best universities in the world, it faces great competition in the global labor market. With the increasing economic opportunities available in industrialized countries and the continually expanding economies of India and China the US needs to update its immigration policies to remain strong globally.

Refugee issue is a global issue mainly due to wars, conflicts or environmental, political, religious and racial reasons (Gibney & Gil, 2010). In recent years, the turmoil triggered by the "Arab Spring" in many countries in West Asia and North Africa causing numerous refugees, so it has once again attracted the attention of people（Grossman, 2017）. People forced to relocate their homes and even renounce their nationality by war or natural disasters are defined as refugee（UNHCR，2017）.The influx of refugees brings cheap labor forces reducing the cost of productions ,and causes the promotion of economic development. In addition, the increasing population leads to an increase in demand which can increase the income of the host countries and the state tax. It can be argued that refugees are unable to benefit the host nations because refugees increase unemployment rate and occupy resources in education. Although it may be true that there are some negative effects caused by refugees, refugees can benefit the host nation in terms of economy and social advancement.

The United States of America is a nation of many immigrant people. People come from all over the world, leaving their homeland and sometimes leaving their loved ones to escape deep poverty and violence. When immigrants come to America, in their dreamland they face many problems such as language, education, employment, legal problems, housing, food, and health issues. Immigrants do all kinds of low-paying jobs. They clean houses for a living. Some immigrants come with very small businesses. Many immigrants contribute their skills, knowledge, and education to improve the U.S. economy.

These immigrates do not have any problems with there wages because they made little or less in their home country. In the past decade, “American jobs screamed out of the United States at an ever-accelerating rate of speed,” says Wooldridge, “While American workers stood in unemployment lines, major corporations insourced, outsourced and offshored jobs to Third World countries. Why? They could obtain labor for $1.00 an hour and sometimes less. Capitalism knows no loyalty to man, beast or country.” One example of a corporation exercising this scheme is Bank of America. This company cut 5,000 jobs, and sent 1,250 of them to India. The company has also announced that they would cut 12,000 in the next two years or so. General Electric has also sent jobs to India. The company has sent about 12,000 jobs to India.

Migration has taken place in a number of countries which had opportunities in the labour ‎market. However, due to this migration, the prominent labour markets such as that of the UK ‎have been overcrowded which has resulted in the reduction of wages. The impact of immigration ‎on the labour market is rather a challenging task which is dependent on a number of factors. ‎Some of the important factors are the characteristics of the migrants including skill level, family ‎composition, age distribution, health status, temporary or permanent immigration, and fertility ‎patterns. From these characteristics, the skill level is one of the main factors which determine the ‎impact on the labour markets. Immigrants that are highly skilled tend to work in highly paid jobs ‎and thus eligible of paying more taxes than those migrants who have low wages and are low ‎skilled (Din, 2012, p. 19).

Child labour is a worldwide problem regardless of the economic status of a country. This social phenomenon continues to exist both in developed and developing countries. The Philippines as one of Newly Industrializing Countries, also encounters the same (C. Diaz, personal communication, December 7, 2009).

Remittances typically refer to transfers of money by foreign workers to their home countries. Remittances are not a new phenomenon in the world, being a normal associated to migration which has always been a part of human history. Remittances are playing an important role in the economies of many developing and low income countries. Pakistan is a labour abundant country; hence, as neoclassical theory shows, if workers are unable to find jobs and/or wages to satisfy their needs, they will look elsewhere. Pakistan’s history provides us with a new trend of emigration nearly each decade. Remittance is an important source of foreign exchange earnings for Pakistan since 1970. During the past four decade Pakistan received