Mirror Box Therapy

Over the years scientists have noted many complaints of a strange form of pain called phantom limb pain. This pain is strange because it is located in an appendage that no longer exists. By many of the amputees the pain is described as totally unbearable. Phantom limb pain has even driven some victims crazy. For the amputee population this is a very real problem that definitely needs to be solved.

Was intact to primary modalities with no extinction on double simultaneous stimulation. He did have a subjectively decreased sensation on the right arm and leg compared to the left.

Cases of ‘phantom limbs’, ‘disappearing phantom limbs’ and ‘positional phantoms’ are a well-written about phenomena. Dr. Sacks describes how sensory messages can be sent to the phantom limbs, causing a neurological condition.

The phantom limb pain the woman is experiencing is described as a painful condition of the amputated limb after the stump has completely healed. It is a chronic pain that occurs in more than 80% of amputees especially those who suffered pain in the limb before the amputation. Theories suggest that phantom limb pain results from redevelopment or hyperactivity of cut peripheral nerves, scar tissue or neuroma formation in the cut peripheral nerves, spinal cord deafferentation, and alterations in the thalamus and cortex. More so, the CNS integration, which involves reorganization and plastic modifications of the somatosensory cortex, effects the receptors in perceiving the pain of the amputated limb despite of the limb itself being absent. In addition,

Severely injuring a digit or limb can result in unrepentant damage and amputation. However, the painful sensations experienced in regard to that limb do not necessarily cease after amputation. The concept of feeling sensations in a limb that is no longer attached to the body is referred to as feeling a "phantom limb." This phenomenon is experienced by approximately 80%-100% of all patients who have lost a limb (1), and has therefore sparked wide interest in scientific community.

With conflicting research and hardly valid data, to say that phantom limb syndrome is solely caused based on psychogenic mechanism of the patient is inaccurate. More recent research has strongly suggested peripheral mechanism to also be a factor in phantom limb syndrome. Once amputation of a limb or part of a limb is performed, a neuroma is created. Neuromas result from a trauma to the nerve and are typically formed on the site of an inquired sensory nerve, forming a knot in the area. The knot is mainly composed of axons that can no longer reconnect to the rest of the nerve cells due to amputation . These neuromas are the site where increased excitability due to an increased accumulation of molecules (recent research, scientist are not quite

By using a mirror it can trick the brain into believing that a limb is actually

This summary for the final paper will discuss phantom limb pain, including the psychological and physiological causes, effects and the treatment options for phantom limb pain. When a limb is lost whether to traumatic amputation, disease, surgical amputation, or a congenital defect the amputee may experience sensations that the affected limb is still present. Some of the most common sensations that an amputee can experience are tingling, throbbing, piercing, pins and needles, resulting in what is perceived as pain in the missing limb. The exact causes of the phantom limb pain that many amputees experience is still relatively unknown, however, there are three main theories that are seek to explain the sensation of pain in the missing limb/limbs.

H. Sannu has experienced two devastating events: loss of my elination of peripheral nerves and below-the-knee amputation of a leg. Sannu has been experiencing sensations in a limb that had no sensation prior to the amputation. How might this be possible?

Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) is a serious condition that occurs when a person who has lost a part of their body though amputation, trauma (brachial plexus), or loss of nervous connections in an appendage, perceives that the limb is still there and experiences sensations coming from this area. It was first described in 1866 by S. Weir Mitchell, an American neurologist, through a short story published in Atlantic Monthly. While Mitchell may then have wondered if this was specific to wounded Civil War soldiers, it has since been established as quite common (1). Over 70% of amputees report phantom limb pain for years after amputation (2). Several theories have been proposed regarding PLP, although there is still much to be

Phantom limb pain (PLP) affects many individuals who have had a limb amputated. Individuals can experience pain in the residual limb, phantom sensations, and phantom limb pain. Pain in the residual limb is defined as pain at the site of an extremity amputation. This means the individual feels pain just above or at the location of the amputation (Hill, 1999). This type of pain is most common in the early post-amputation phase. Phantom sensations are defined as any sensation of the missing limb except pain. Phantom sensation is seen in almost all amputees (Hill, 1999). Phantom limb pain is defined as painful sensations referred to the absent limb (Hill, 1999). In this review of literature the following will be addressed; the triggers of phantom limb pain, the types of treatment for phantom limb pain, and a summary of findings.

Pain originating from the missing limb is known as phantom limb pain. The agony is frequently portrayed as a cramping or twisted stance of the missing limb. The sensations happen quickly after surgery, or years after it.

The earliest hypothesis regarding the cause of phantom limbs and pain was that of neuromas. These were thought to be nodules comprised of remaining nerves located at the end of the stump. These neuromas presumably continued to generate impulses that traveled up the spinal cord to portions of the thalamus and somatosensory domains of the cortex. As a result, treatment involved cutting the nerves just above the neuroma in an attempt to interrupt signaling at each somatosensory level (5). This and other related theories were deemed unsatisfactory because of the fact the phantom pain always returned, indicating that there was a more complex reason.

Phantom limb syndrome is an extraordinary condition that is caused by amputating a limb or being born without a limb (Flor, 2002); This condition affects approximately 80% to 90% of patients who have had a limb amputated (Flor, 2002). The first documented case of phantom limb syndrome was in the mid 16th century (Nikolajsen & Jensen, 2001). The description was given by a French military surgeon by the name of Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) when he noticed that some of his injured patients would express that they were experiencing extreme pain in their missing limb (Nikolajsen & Jensen, 2001). He studied and wrote down the characterizations of this post-amputation state and attempted to create different models to explain how the phantom pain was

Sacks discussed the ideas behind the phantom limb and how they affected many peoples live. The most interesting story was about a sailor that accidentally cut off his index finger. For forty years he thought he would poke himself in the eye whenever he moved his hand to his face. One day he lost the feeling in his entire hand including his phantom finger and his problem was cured (Sacks 66-67). Up to 70 percent of amputees confirmed that they still feel or still thought a missing limb was there. They often feel that they can reach out and grab something. Some won't sleep in a certain way because they feel the missing limb between them and the mattress. The sensations felt stem from the activity of the sensory axons