Miscarriage And Infant Death

Smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy could lead to the placenta not developing fully. As the placenta carries oxygen and blood to the foetus this may impair growth and link to low birth weights. Babies born to smoking mothers are 30% more likely to have a premature baby which could lead to respiratory distress, problems feeding and they could have difficulty regulating their body temperature. Babies undergo withdrawal like systems and tend to be more jittery and harder to settle. Babies being brought up in a smoking household are at increased risk of cot death and may go on to develop asthma during childhood.

Constantly smoking means the baby is smoking to, therefore smoking can begin to effect the baby’s only sources of oxygen and nutrients. Smoking contains over 4,000 chemicals including: lead, cyanide, arsenic and carbon monoxide. These chemicals can spread to the blood stream, which is the baby’s only source of oxygen and nutrients. Smoking may also result with problems taking place in the placenta. This is connected to the baby and is their source of food, oxygen and eliminates buildup of wastes. The baby can separate from the womb, which can result in bleeding, for this effect can be dangerous to the mother and child.

The authors view to smoking during pregnancy or smoking at any stage as exposing yourself and some one else to toxic chemicals and unmerciful disease. The author out lined that the carbon monoxide and nicotine and other more than 4000 chemical that exist in cigarette as the main cause to health problems

According to the Center for Disease Control, (CDC) there are toxic chemicals in cigarettes that “affect the brain in ways that interfere with its regulation of infants' breathing” (CDC, 2010). Autopsy reports also show “higher concentrations of nicotine in their lungs and higher levels of cotinine (a biological marker for secondhand smoke exposure) than infants who die from other causes” (CDC, 2010).

I did this research to find out what were the experiences of women who knew they were pregnant and how was their experience coping with such loss. I will interview these women one- on –one, through these interviewed I will assess the positive and negative aspects of this experience. This research is a qualitative study which uses a narrative approach to examine the information obtained from the interview. Ten females between the age 22-25 years old who have had a miscarriage in the first trimester were interviewed for this research. Through this research I have found that women find comfort in having a support system during this process. The participants in this study stated that in their community having a miscarriage comes with a stigma, therefore having a supportive surrounding eased the experience. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists(2016) research reveals that 10-25% of all recognized pregnancies will result in a miscarriage. It is important to explore this topic in order to understand the grieving process of individuals who have suffered from a miscarriage and implement nursing interventions to ensure a better safer outcome for both the female and the family as a whole.

Experiencing a miscarriage can be a very painful and frustrating time for a man and a woman, especially if this is their first time to have an offspring and they have already seen the scan of their baby. This could be a difficult time and some would not want to try anytime soon because of the fear of losing once again.

Exposure to second hand smoke, also called involuntary smoking, occurs when non-smokers breathe in the cigarette smoke from others around them. Second hand smoke is harmful to both pregnant women and infants (NTP). Paternal smoking reduces birth weight by about 2 oz. (Berger 115). After birth, babies exposed to cigarette smoke may experience more colds, lung problems, and even ear infections.

The importance of providing support for women who have a history of miscarriage has increased in the last decade, not only during the following months after the loss, if not in their subsequent pregnancies. Consequently, it is increasingly recognized that having previous miscarriage can be related with psychological and mental health disorders in their next pregnancies (Lok I.H, 2007; Hutti, Armstrong & Myers, 2011). Also, it is well-documented that women who have a history of miscarriage show higher levels of anxiety and depression in their subsequent pregnancies (Cote-Arsenault, 2014; Bergner A, 2008; Cote-Arsenault, 2007; Armstrong DS, 2004; Amstrong, 2002; Cote-arsenault & Dombeck, 2001; Geller, Klier, & Neugebauer, 2001; Gong X, 2013).

Other than that, it can likewise expand the danger that your infant is conceived rashly or with low conception weight. Untimely children regularly have wellbeing issues. Ladies who smoke or presented to tobacco smoke amid pregnancy have double the danger of having a child with low conception weight. Babies with this condition builds the danger of mental handicap, wellbeing issues, even

While pregnant women who smoke cigarettes on a daily basis can greatly harm their fetus. There are many effects that cigarettes smoking by pregnant women have on their fetus. As researches show that smoking can induce spontaneous abortion too. The Tabaco smoke in cigarettes greatly reduces fetal growth through the presence of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide. Through this research, “if women smoke during pregnancy, their baby is exposed to harmful chemicals such as tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. Nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict, so less oxygen and nutrients reach the fetus. Carbon monoxide decreases the amount of oxygen the baby receives” (Medline plus). A good mother should protect their unborn babies because when a pregnant mother smokes, their babies smoke too. Also Smoking while pregnant reduces an unborn baby’s oxygen, this place at risk for poor lung function, and low birth weight. According to this research of pregnant women who smoke cigarettes “the risk of preterm birth and problems with the way the placenta attaches to the uterus are increases in women who smoke during pregnancy. Also, infants born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to be smaller than those born to nonsmokers. They are more likely to have asthma, colic, and childhood obesity. They also have an increased risk of dying from sudden infant

The danger of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome triples if the mother has smoked amid pregnancy. "It is assessed that quarter century of eager moms in the U.S. smoke all through their pregnancies. As per a report from the Surgeon General,

Pregnancy is one of the most cherished periods of a woman’s life, but often this joy is very short-lived due to certain complications and at times, due to our own actions. If a woman loses her unborn baby in the very early stages of pregnancy, i.e. within the first 20 weeks, it is termed as a miscarriage. At times, a spontaneous abortion or a miscarriage is caused due to unavoidable reasons such as:

The loss of a child is not comprehendible; however, many families experience child loss due to spontaneous abortions. Kjaesgaard et al. (2013) defined spontaneous abortion as a miscarriage occurring within the first 22 weeks of gestation, the time between a mothers last menstrual cycle and birth. They also asserted that spontaneous abortions occur in approximately one out of four women (p. 1). Miscarriages are considered recurrent when women experienced more than three spontaneous abortions (Medscape). Mothers are exposed to extraordinary pain and possibly depression following a spontaneous abortion. Although spontaneous abortions have occurred for many years, doctors and researchers question the primary cause of miscarriages. Bashour and

According to London et al. (2014), stillbirth is defined as the “death of a fetus or infant from the time of conception through the end of the newborn period 28 days after birth” (p. 481). In 2011, in the country of Taiwan, there were a total of 2,321 stillborn births and it was reported that 60% of the women who experienced this loss suffered from severe postpartum depression within 4 years (Tseng, Chen, & Wang, 2014, p. 219). Although it is known that the mothers of these infants suffer with traumatic stress, follow-ups after stillbirths are rare and there is no community support groups available. There is not much information available on the experience of Taiwanese women who experience a stillbirth nor is there information about the steps taken by these women to recover from their loss. Thus, this study seeks to understand the experiences of these Taiwanese women who have experienced the loss of an infant and how they cope within their society (Tseng et al., 2014, p. 219).

Smoking starts causing harm, even to the unborn. A mother is a baby`s only form of life support through the umbilical cord. So,