Mitis Cells Lab Report

Exercise 3A is a study of mitosis. You will simulate the stages of mitosis by using chromosome models.You will use prepared slides of onion root tips to study plant mitosis and to calculate the relative duration of the phases of mitosis in the meristem of root tissue. Prepared slides of the whitefish blastula will be used to study mitosis in animal cells and to compare animal mitosis and plant mitosis.

In this experiment first the stages of an onion cell undergoing mitosis are going to be observed and every stage is going to be detected and drawn on paper. A brief description to what is going on should be attached to the pictures. This is important to understand the basics of cell division which is necessary growth,repair and asexual reproduction. Second the number of cells undergoing each phase is going to be counted to figure out in which phase the cell remains the most. If interphase is the stage in which the cell grows and prepares for cell division then the

In the onion root tip, regions other than the apical (or at top of) meristem contain cells that are not actively dividing. These cells are in interphase. In this case, they would represent the majority because cells spend most of their time in interphase anyway. They are elongating, differentiating, and performing their functions for the organism. Mitotic stages would not have been found in these areas.

When lysing the cells, add 20 - 50 μl chilled lysis buffer (RIPA buffer with protease inhibitors and PhosSTOP), and keep the samples on ice for 30 min. Centrifuge the samples at 20,000 × g for 20 min at 4℃. Transfer the supernatant to new tubes,

Without cell division and the cell cycle nearly all life would fail to exist. Cell division allows an organism to not only replace its own cells but to create offspring. The cell cycle consists of two main parts: interphase and mitotic phase. Within these two phases the processes can be broken down into further categories. Interphase can be broken down into three subphases that are the necessary preparations the cell makes in order to be ready to divide during mitosis. For this lab we looked mainly at the mitotic phase because of its fascinating and rapid changes to the cell. The cell types we looked at were prepared slides of whitefish and onion root tip.

Use a test tube holder to put the test tube into a container of boiling water for 5 minutes, or until the solution changes color.

Then we carefully submerged the nitrocellulose sheet on the transfer buffer for about 5 minutes, and set up the transfer apparatus in the method shown in the lab outline week 2 step 3-6. Afterwards we took apart the transfer apparatus and detached the nitrocellulose sheet. Then we put the nitrocellulose sheet for 5 minutes into the blocking buffer, and we left nitrocellulose sheet in a container till week 3. The second part of week 2 was staining half our PAGE gel from week 1. Which consisted of pouring deionized water and use the shaker machine for 5 minute intervals, and repeating the the process three times. Then the Fresh Coomassie stain was added to the gel and was rinsed (UFV BIO 202 Lab,

Step 7- Place all four containers into the refrigerator for 20 minutesevery day so they will be around the same temperature and exposed to the eggs the same amount of time, as they stain. Step 8 – Repeat the above steps each night for five nights. Step 9 -Record the staining effects each day and photograph the results.

Marked a grid on bottom of Petri plate for easier counting. Add C-Fern spores that are suspended in distilled water. Gently spread the spores around the surface of the growth medium. Cover and observe the spore using a dissecting microscope. Repeat for 10 plates, keep in a warm humid location with lighting.

To observe mitosis in onion root tip cells and record the different phases of mitosis.

Plants are organisms that can reproduce sexually through meiosis and create more cells through mitosis (Russell et al. 2013). For studying mitosis, the common onion is an ideal choice. Because it is easy for onions to germinate without soil, it is easy to control any substances provided to the plant. The onion root tips are only a few cells thick and grow quickly making them ideal for time efficiency. The onion root tip needs to be squashed between the cover slip and the microscope in order to reduce the slide preparation’s total depth. To dye condensed chromosomes, such as those undergoing mitosis, a stain is used to make

Mitochondria are crucial for oxidative phosphorylation (Fernandez-Gomez et al., 2005) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is the only enzyme of the Krebs cycle embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Munujos et al., 1993) and is also known as Complex II; its role in the electron transport chain (ETC) is to donate two electrons to the ETC by oxidizing succinate to fumarate. Electrons are transferred from protein complexes in the ETC to the terminal electron acceptor (molecular oxygen, which gets reduced to water), by ubiquinone and cytochrome c, which transfer electrons from Complex I and II to III, and from Complex III to IV, respectively. SDH passes the electrons to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), reducing it to FADH2, then iron sulfur

Making the onion tip root cell slide was successful. Our results supported the hypothesis because we saw cells in the onion root tip in prophase, metaphase, and anaphase. As we went up in power objectives, each phase of the cell became more definitive. The cell root was a great indicator of the structures of the different cycles of the cell. This is important because we will be prepared for future labs working with the microscopes and can now adjust it for the best view of the slide. We practiced working with the compound light microscopes and different phases of the cell cycle. Onion root tips are useful to observe mitosis because the cells are frequently diving as the root grows. So when we stained the cell, we caught many cells in different phases. The significance of this lab was to better understand the process and stages of mitosis and meiosis and compare and contrast the mitotic process in plants and animals. We grasped the concepts of what the chromosomes look like, and what they look like in each step of the processes. Having read much about mitosis and meiosis, seeing these cells was the real application of describing and understanding the stages.

This process was repeated for the other two prepared slides. The onion slide was prepared by cutting the onion in half and then half again. A slice of onion was taken and gently cracked in half to reveal a thin clear sticky layer. This thin layer was placed on a slide before adding a drop of iodine. The slide was placed under the microscope and observed on all three magnifications.

The main focus of this lab was to be able to understand the different phases of mitosis and the cell cycle and also identify what those stages may look like. Mitosis is the process in which concerns the production of new cells. For example, when apoptosis(cell death) the process of Mitosis begins to replace the dead cells. To be able to familiarize ourselves with this concept, we took a sample of an onion root and had it put through a process to be able to look at the different phases under the microscope. We found that the majority of the cells were mostly undergoing Interphase or Prophase which are the phases in charge of crossing over of DNA and where the chromosomes then become visible and the nuclear envelope dissipates. The conclusion of this lab was that Mitosis is essential for the production of new cells. In the case of the onion root sample, the cells were damaged leading to the tester to undergo Mitotic cell division and it was found that mainly Interphase and Prophase were the stages that occurred in this lab.