Mitochondria

The main function of the mitochondria is to convert fuel into a form of energy the cell can use. Specifically, the mitochondria is where pyruvate --derived from glucose-- is converted into ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration involves four stages: glycolysis, the grooming phase, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The final two stages listed occur in the mitochondria.

My results indicated that I’m heterozygous to carrying Jacobsen syndrome trait. I’m homozygous to having or passing along with brownish eyes and carrying hypertension (or susceptible to getting it). Jacobsen syndrome is when a

The genes which encode for the mitochondria’s component proteins are in 2 separate genetic systems in 2 different locations. One of which is the cell nucleus, but the other is inside the organelle itself. There are relatively few genes inside the

Each mitochondrion has a double-layered membrane like the cell membrane, however the inner layer is folder which produces ‘shelves’ which are known as cristae, this is where the end stages of glucose oxidation are located. The energy that has been released is stored until required by a ‘chemical battery’ called adenosine triphosphate.

Test such as 23andMe, deCODEme, and Navigenics allow people to determine what diseases they are susceptible to develop. 23andMe, one of the most well-known Direct-to-Consumer tests “find genetic mutations increase or decrease yours odds of getting a disease and also reveals a lot of data about your genealogical makeup” (Murphy 3). Many genetic factors can be discovered through the use of these genetic tests. Most of these tests are done through saliva and blood samples. One of the flaws of genetic testings given by a medical professional is there are limitations. Direct to consumer tests remove these limitations. The tests are offered to minors ”and it includes testing for susceptibility for celiac disease, lactose intolerance, diabetes type 1 and 2, obesity, heart attack, hypertension, and osteoporosis” (Vrecar, Peterlin, Teran and Lovrecic 2). DTC tests nonetheless permit society to run their genome through a software so they can get a second opinion on their genetic predispositions (Lauerman 2). An issue which is often argued about Direct-to-consumer tests is the accuracy of the test. In a study, a woman attempted to get a genetic test done through 23andMe. She received her results, and the risks for many of the diseases were very minimal however “She did have a genetic mutation -- it was just on a different gene

The use of WGS brings to light several ethical issues. First, the majority of patients that come for initial diagnosis are minors. Therefore, it is usually a parent or guardian that consents to the any testing which raises the issue of what results to report back to the patient and family. The European Society of Human Genetics has recommended to filter out known variants that have little or no clinical utility. While the American College of Medical Geneticists states that there needs to be a respect for autonomy, report all incidental findings regardless of age, and proposes patient’s decision shall apply to the entire set genes deemed actionable. Although, the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists recommends communication to parents about all results of a clinically actionable conditions that will present during childhood; furthermore, adult-onset should not be disclosed unless it could prevent harm to the health of the parents or other family members and if the parents desire the disclosure (Szego & Zawati, 2016).

In one hand are all the elements and examples of misuse of this data that have contributed to the reality in which consumer groups are arguing that more access will increase discrimination in insurance premiums based on existing conditions and can also discourage individuals from undergoing genetic testing that may provide health benefits (Katrina Armstrong). However, on the other side are arguments that support the fact that greater access to genetic testing will be helpful in the early treatment and diagnostics of certain diseases. Likewise, since all of us have genetic predispositions to some disease, and many of them can be avoided by modifying lifestyle and with the help of early medical interventions, it is of extremely significance the genetic screening process and the access to this information (Robert

Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cells. They generate the energy that our cells need to do their jobs. For example, brain cells need a lot of energy to be able to communicate with each other and also to communicate with parts of the body that may be far away, to do this substances need to be transported along the cells, which needs lots of energy. Muscle fibres also need a lot of energy to help us to move, maintain our posture and lift objects.

Mitochondria are important because they allow our bodies to function by converting oxygen that we breathe in and the nutrients we ingest from food to energy we can use in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). This is done through aerobic respiration (requires oxygen), without the many mitochondria we have in our body we would not have sufficient energy from anaerobic respiration for our metabolic requirements. (Link its importance to its other functions- what would happen if it could not perform its functions e.g. lack of regulation of apoptosis and cancer- links to essays overall argument).

Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles that can be considered the power generators of a cell. They convert oxygen and nutrients into ATP. In turn, ATP powers most of the cell’s chemical reactions that allow the cell to function. Without mitochondria, certain cells would not be able to work and do their job. The cells would not be able to obtain enough energy to survive. A cell’s mitochondria relates to workers because they supply the cell with energy, just like how workers supply their energy to do their job. The mitochondria in a cell are responsible for providing energy so the cell can function, like how workers do certain tasks to keep the business thriving. Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells. However, they are found in

The mitochondria has been known as the powerhouse of the cell. What does that even mean? Well, what it means that the mitochondria does all of the cell energy conversion. It takes nutrients from the cell and transforms it into viable ATP. ATP, molecule adenosine triphosphate, is the energy that cells can use. The process in turning nutrients into ATP is called ATP Synthase. The first part of ATP synthase is an ending of cellular respiration. The mitochondria plays a small but large role in the cell. The structure of the mitochondria plays a huge part of cellular respiration. Mitochondrial structure has two membranes an inner and an outer. Inside the inner membrane you have the matrix and the cristae. The first part of cellular respiration is glycolysis, it is made outside of the mitochondria in a gel like fluid called the cytoplasm. Next, is the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, named after the German researcher Hans Krebs, goes in through the outer membrane. Enzyme Acetyl CoA enters and combines the two carbon groups with another four carbon groups. The result is six carbon molecules citrate, which are acidic. The next part in the Krebs cycle is that the hydrogen atoms are stripped and produce NADH molecules. The final Krebs step is; ADP is transferred to ATP the succinate is oxidized forming another four carbon molecule. The two hydrogen carbons react and their electrons transform from FAD to FADH2. The Krebs cycle makes only about 4 ATP and in the

have the identified genetic abnormalities that have been seen in a small number of families.

The molecule is an important part of the inner part of the mitochondria in which the actual production of the energy occurs.

Cellular respiration is the method by which an organism converts carbon based fuel and oxygen into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the source of energy for cells, carbon dioxide and water (Open Learning Initiative, 2015, pg.140; Respiration, Cellular, 2014, pg.3737). Moreover, the cellular respiration process occurs in three major steps: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport (Respiration, Cellular, 2014, pg.3737). During the glycolysis stage, inside the mitochondria of the cell, glucose is broken down into pyruvate (a three carbon sugar) which releases energy in the form of a net gain of two ATP molecules (four total are produced but two are consumed during the process) (Open Learning Initiative, 2015, pg.141; Respiration, Cellular, 2014, pg.3737). Next, during the Krebs cycle, inside the mitochondrial cellular matrix, the pyruvate from the previous cycle is transformed into acetyl CoA after which it undergoes a process where the acetyl CoA is converted into carbon dioxide and water via oxidization resulting in the

Mitochondrion is an importance structure that lies in the cytoplasm area. Mitochondrion is the plural word for mitochondria, which is the key organelle that converts energy from one form to another. Mitochondria changes the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. The mitochondrion contains two special membranes. The outer membrane surrounds the organelle, and the inner membrane has many folds that increase the surface area of the mitochondrion.