Mitochondrial Dna Research Paper

Scientist have seen that telomerase expressing clones have no difference in karyotype but have a long lifespan by 20 doublings. With this research, cells have been seen to have a very youthful looking state for much longer. A last area of study is the hypothalamus of the brain. This part of the brain controls reproduction, growth, metabolism, and aging. This is where many of the age related diseases occur. The study of this area can lead to many advancements in age related diseases that can help people live longer. Though this area of study does not have many advancements it holds promising results. Though there have been numerous advancements, many people ask the question whether people need to live longer because of an already over populated Earth.

Each human being has something called DNA. DNA is described as genetics and an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms. DNA constructs of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder like arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each chromosome consist of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs that make up your DNA.

In the United Kingdom alone, 150 new born children per year suffer from life threatening, mitochondrial diseases. These diseases vary in severity from person to person, making them difficult to diagnose, and they inflict an array of ailments such as neurological problems, muscle weakness, visual or auditory impairments, heart, liver, and kidney disease,

Humans undergo several stages during their lifetime including growth, development, reproduction and senescence. Senescence is defined as the deteriorative biological changes that organisms experience as they age eventually leading to death. These changes include low metabolism, a weak immune system, memory loss, poor vision and loss of hearing. Senescence begins in humans during their post-reproductive years. However, gerontology research has shown that individuals who reproduce late have longer life spans compared to individuals who reproduce early. Nonetheless, it does not indicate that senescence is inevitable. All organisms experience senescence,

The most public concern about mitochondrial replacement is the unsureness of the new technology on human offspring. Pronuclear transfer and mitochondrial spindle transfer techniques have only been used on animal subjects such as rhesus monkeys and mice and human zygotes that were abnormally fertilized (unipronuclear or tripronuclear) (Craven at el. 82). Because PNT and MST were used on animals- which does not have the same genetic makeup as humans- and abnormal human zygotes it is impossible to know exactly what effect the procedure will have on a human offspring. According to Reinhardt, Dowling, and Morrow, “safety studies in humans have only tracked health through blastocysts stage in macaques to three years. The results from mice and

Sedna is a planetoid that is the furthest known object in our solar system. It was discovered on November 14, 2003. On average, Sedna is about 507 AU from the sun. Sedna's radius is probably about 890 kilometers. It can be found 13 billion kilometers away. Sedna is 939 AU from the sun at its most distant, meaning it is about three times further away from the sun than Pluto. It's distance from Earth on average is 938 AU. Astronomers to not yet know what Sedna is made of. Sedna orbits the sun, but it takes 11,000 years for Sedna to complete its orbit. Sedna is possibly the first detection of the theorized Oort cloud. The Oort cloud is hypothesized to supply comets that pass by Earth. However, Sedna is ten times closer than astronomers predicted the Oort

DNA phenotyping serves to determine the physical attributes of a specific individual based off of genetic material that was left behind at a crime scene. By being able to determine physical traits such as hair color, eye color, height and skin pigmentation researchers can narrow in on the appearance of a person who committed a crime. This is crucial in forensic genetics who’s geneticists play a vital role in investigating crimes and in turn play a

Once a upon time, there was a lonely mitochondria named Sophia Mitochondria. Sophia Mitochondria had been alone for a while and she does not know where her parents are. She want to find her parents so she decided to talk someone to help her which is her childhood best friend, David Chloroplast. However, before she called him, she did her normal routine. She took nutrients from one of their cells, breaks it down and turn it into energy. This routine is also known as cellular respiration. After that, she call her David Chloroplast and thirty minutes later, David Chloroplast was in front of her house. David Chloroplast and Sophia Mitochondria came to Bacteria Garden which Sophia Mitochondria’s parents favorite place to go every weekend. When they

There are hundreds of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) and the etiology for most of the random conditions remain a universal mystery (Nieoullon 2011). A deterioration of specific functions of the neuron cells of the central nervous system is the most common characteristic of NDD. Neurons are responsible for transmitting essential information to other nerve, muscle and glandular cells (Przedborksi, Jackson-Lewis 2003). Emerging research has recently identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a recurrent elemental link in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (Ghano,

DNA can be a challenge to work with, especially ancient DNA after decomposition and fossilization have taken place (Kelman & Kelman, 1999). The perfect preservation condition for DNA is a cold and dry space with little temperature fluctuation (Shabihkhani et al., 2014). Also, it can be hard to decipher between ancient genetic material and a modern human's genetic material, when the antiquated DNA arises from close relatives (Perry & Orlando, 2015). Extracting DNA from the nucleus is challenging so many evolutionary biologists use mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is said to be matrilineal, as the DNA comes from the mitochondria of a mother and is passed to their offspring (Spuhler, 1988). The emergence of modern mitochondrial human DNA

In humans, there are two locations the DNA comes from-- the nucleus and the mitochondria. The DNA from the mitochondria is called the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), this DNA has over 16,000 base pairs (bps) that can be used to view the the lineage of a person’s history. The mitochondrial DNA is a good source to analyze the history for 5 reasons, the first reason is the mitochondrial DNA is produced in a vast quantity resulting in few samples to be used, the next reason is the DNA has a higher rate of substitution or mutations; meaning it takes less work to correct differences between humans that are similar. The third reason is the mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother since the sperm is destroyed by the egg after fertilization, allowing viewing a direct genetic line. Finally, the mitochondrial

Additionally, carrying out chromosomal microarray was also significant since it also revealed the presence of pathogenic number changes as well as the possibilities of microdeletion that is considered a risk factor with regards to autism, intellectual disability, seizures, as well as malformations. Similarly, measurement of antibodies in three of the samples was also ideal because it provided information of the level – whether high-positive 0r low-positive – of the antibody which is known to block the folate from binding to folate transporter from the blood to the brain. Finally, carrying out a workup for the metabolic disorders following the guidelines suggest by Rossignol & Frye (2011) was also ideal. This is because it enabled determine the elevation levels of biochemical markers that are known for their contribution to mitochondrial dysfunction. These steps were indeed significant because, as is apparent in literature, they give a vivid comprehension on how reduction in mitochondrial roles define mitochondrial deficiencies.

“The world’s first baby to be born from a new procedure that combines the DNA of three people appears...” The online article “DNA of Three People” discusses a procedure and case study of a mitochondrial transfer in Mexico. A young woman carries the genes for the fatal Leigh syndrome and is unable to have healthy children. After having three miscarriages and losing three children, due to the syndrome, she finally reached out to Dr. John Zhang.

Calorie restriction is a method to increase longevity by extreme dieting while precluding malnutrition and reduction in essential nutrients. This strategy is known to have extended a healthier lifespan and reduce the progress of ageing. One factor to how calorie restriction restrains ageing is that it reduces oxidative stress caused by oxidants that damage proteins, DNA and lipids. Calorie restriction also reduces metabolic rate, which is caused by mitochondria (an organelle that generates energy for respiration). Mitochondria lead to loss of cellular activity due to production of oxidants with the existence of glycation that harm DNA and contribute to ageing. Scientists studied rhesus monkeys as model organisms as they are similar to humans.

Aging is the process of becoming older, as we age, multiple mutations occur that concern all the processes of aging well as it compromising a number of different genes. There are many theories of biological aging, such as the Cellular Aging Theory, Immunological Theory, and the Wear and Tear Theory. The Cellular Aging theory describes the process of aging in which cells slow their number of replication, thus giving each species a “biological clock that determines its maximum life span” and how quickly one 's health will deteriorate(Hooyman, 42). After a certain number of years, each cell which follows an apparent biological clock starts to replicate itself less, thus the specific individual or species slowly deteriorates. This theory gives