Mitosis Research Paper

According to the data table, prophase is the longest stage of mitosis. Even though there were more tallies in the interphase section, interphase is not considered a stage of the mitotic cycle; it is more or less considered a stage in the cell cycle. Telophase is the shortest stage because there were very few cells that showed evidence of them actually being in this stage. Metaphase and anaphase are intermediate stages, with metaphase being longer than anaphase.

Although mitosis is just a fraction of time compared to interphase it can be divided into four distinct subphases. If we start viewing a cell under a brightfield microscope right at the end of interphase subphase G2 we would see that throughout the interphase process (fig 1) the cell has grown considerably in size due to production of extra mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The cell has also gone through the labor of duplicating all of its chromosomes, a process known as DNA synthesis. Now that the cell has made all of these preparations it's time to start prophase (fig 2), the first stage of the mitotic phase. This stage is visibly identified by the chromatin becoming the tightly formed chromosomes. During the lab we were able to view these newly formed chromosomes best on the onion root tip

The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way. Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells. However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).

The phase of mitosis proceeding anaphase in which two daughter cells are formed, their nuclei are formed, chromosomes unravel, and the cleavage furrow closes the gap between them and separates them (cytokinesis occurs).

The cell cycle has four main stages. The cell cycle is the regular pattern of growth. The four stages consist of Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2), and Mitosis (M). Gap 1, consists of a cell that carries its normal functions. Calls also increase in size, and the organelles increase in number. A cell will spend the most time in this phase. But it also depends on the cell type to see how long it will spend in this phase. During this phase the cell has to pass a critical checkpoint before it can continue into the (S) stage, also called the Synthesis stage. It would be dangerous for a cell to keep dividing if the certain conditions were not met. The cells in this stage also need signals from the other cells to tell the if division is needed. Now the next stage is the Synthesis stage. During this phase the cell makes a copy of it’s nuclear DNA. By the end of the (S) phase DNA appears grainy in photos and the cell nucleus contains two complete sets of DNA. Gap 2, is the third stage of the cell cycle. The cells continue doing there thing and more growth occurs. This phase is like the checkpoint, everything in the cell has to be going right for the cell to be able to enter mitosis.

[A labelled diagram of the end of the Prophase stage of a cell here would be

Mitosis is one of two main methods of cell replication, the other being meiosis. It is “the simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts” resulting from the splitting of a cell. The ‘parent’ or original cell splits, duplicating its DNA (packaged in chromosomes) producing two ‘daughter’ or new cells with the same genetic code. There are four stages of mitosis; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. Interphase is not an official phase of mitosis as the cell is at ‘rest’ and not being divided during this phase. It is often called one of the phases of mitosis as it is one of the stages in the life cycle of a cell; however it is not a phase of mitosis due to the fact that no division takes place.

This division of the nucleus is called mitosis. Another part of cell division is cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides and the cell becomes two cells. The first steps in cell division begin with mitosis, and mitosis is divided into five different stages which include: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (pg. 571) Prophase is the first step in mitosis. During prophase the chromosomes become compact together. The centrisomes begin to form the mitotic spindle. Prometaphase is the next step in cell division, which the nuclear envelope breaks apart and the paired chromatids connect. (pg. 572) Then the chromatids connect with spindle microtubules to form kinetochores and migrate to the poles of the cell. In metaphase the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. (pg. 573) The next step in mitosis is anaphase, which is where the chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and are pulled to opposite ends. The last step in mitosis is telophase. During telophase the spindle fibers disassembled and the chromosomes uncoil into chromatin. At this point the cell enters into cytokinesis. (pg. 574) During cytokinesis the cytoplasm splits along the cleavage furrow. (pg 578) In plant cells, during cytokinesis a cell wall must be formed. Vesicles migrate toward the center and form a cell plate, which becomes the cell wall. (pg.580) In either a plant cell or animal cell, at this

DNA is replicated during the S-phase in interphase. Individual chromosomes become homologous pairs during this.

The interphases of meiosis are similar to the interphase of mitosis. G phases are times of cell growth and preparation for division. The first division, meiosis 1. Consist of the following. Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1. The nuclear envelope starts to break down during prophase 1 of meiosis and microtubules are assembled. Previously replicate chromosomes are condensed to help them move around the cell without being tangled. These condensed chromosomes can only be seen under a microscope. The homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange genetic information. This is called crossing over. The homologous pairs line up in the center of the cell during metaphase 1. Near the

short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber anaphase third phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules telophase final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence cytokinesis cell process following meiosis or mitosis in which the cell's cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells tissue groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function organ group of two or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism organ system multiple organs that work together to perform a specific life function cancer uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/ or change in enzyme production in the cell cycle gene segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle ATP adenosine triphosphate; energy- storing molecule in cells composed of an adenosine molecule, a ribose sugar and three phosphate groups; energy is stored in the molecule's chemical bonds and can be used quickly and easily by cells

Mitosis and Meiosis plays an important roles. These two cells have a lot of similarities and also have a lot of differences. These two cells play an important role in your life.

Within prophase, various structures begin to be broken down by the cell while others are instead built up. This prepares the chromatin to be split into two rod-like structures known as chromosomes, each one the sister of the other. For example, the nucleolus entirely disappears. A structure comprised of microtubules, known as the mitotic spindle, begins to form with its primary function being to arrange the chromosomes. The mitotic spindle proceeds to compact the chromosomes into a very tight package-like structure. The nuclear envelope soon dissipates, allowing for the release of the chromosomes. In the metaphase, the chromosomes have been brought into the middle of the cell (a concept referred to as the “metaphase plate”) in preparation for division. Structures that are in charge of pulling sister chromatin apart known as kinetochores will attach to microtubules from the mitotic spindle so as to insure correct division. Anaphase is the phase in which the chromatin are officially separated from one another and in turn tugged to opposite ends of the cell. In order for this to happen, the cell breaks down a protein that behaves as an adhesive. This allows for the chromatin to become two separate chromosomes, each pair yielding to the opposite side. Telophase allows

Mitosis and Meiosis are two very important topics to learn about within school. It is easy to confuse the two, because they sound so similar, are similar, but also very different. Mitosis occurs when the human body grows and it is asexual because no sexual interaction needs to take place. Meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction and the creation of DNA. There are many similarities and differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.

Mitosis and meiosis are both types of cell divisions that have various similarities and differences. They comparably associate with cytokinesis and form daughter cells however, meiosis occurs in primordial diploid cells in animals, plants and fungi, whilst mitosis takes place in somatic cells in every organism (Vidyasagar. A, 2015). Meiosis differs from mitosis as it undergoes a process known as DNA recombination, during which genetic material interchange with chromosomes or various regions of the same chromosome. DNA recombination is a common source of genetic variation. Mitosis is the continuous process by which the body creates new cells to repair damaged or aging membranes, fibers and tissues (Clare O'Connor, 2008). The end result of mitosis are two genetically identical diploid daughter cells, which develop from the single parent cell dividing. Conversely, the meiosis cell divides into four haploid gametes each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (Alberts. B, 2010).