Mitral Valve Prolapse

The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle, preventing backflow of blood into the atrium. The pulmonic valve is located between the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle and is responsible for allowing blood flow from the heart to the lungs. The mitral valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, which allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle preventing backflow of blood back into the left atrium. The aortic valve is found between the aorta and the left ventricle and allows blood to flow to the aorta and throughout the body.

The flow of blood through the heart is controlled by four valves. If any are not working correctly, blood cannot flow or be pumped effectively to the heart. The four valves are: the tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar. There are many abnormalities or defects that can affect their operation and in this paper, I will discuss the most common one which is a “mitral valve prolapse.” A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close completely. It is also known as “click murmur syndrome” and “Barlow’s syndrome” and is more prevalent in women than men. It has a strong hereditary

Defects in the valves of a heart can lead to regurgitation, and stenosis. Common symptoms include angina, shortness of breaths and heart failure. These defects affect the heart functionality. As a result, artificial heart valves are used to replace these defective valves. One artificial heart valve is the St. Jude Bileaflet valve.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) was first characterized by Barlow and Bosman in the 1960s.(Barlow and Bosman) It was first called Barlow’s Syndrome before being called mitral valve prolapse by Criley (Barlow and Bosman),(Criley et al.). Barlow’s syndrome was diagnosed by electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and chest X-ray.3 The mitral valve apparatus includes tow leaflets, chordae tendineae, anulus, left atrium, papillary muscles and left ventricular wall (Devereux et al.). Mitral valve prolapse involves the leaflets, chordae, annulus and left ventricular wall.(Devereux et al.) The anterior leaflet is relatively long and semi-circular, while the posterior leaflet is shorter in normal patients.(Irvine et al.) Most commonly the posterior leaflet is affected.(Devereux et al.) During systole the leaflet balloons in to the left ventricle.(Devereux et al.) Physically, in a patient with mitral valve prolapse, the leaflet is displaced beyond the mitral anulus.(Levine et al.)

Although Mitral Valve Prolapse has existed for many years, there are a few facts a person should know while being diagnosed with this disease. Mitral Valve Prolapse is the most common valve abnormality in the U.S (Gillinov 517). About two to three percent of the population has Mitral Valve Prolapse (Gillinov 517). Of that percentage, very few need surgery due to a severe leak (Gillinov 326). If surgical treatment is necessary, a person receiving a non-surgical valve can most likely receive a 20 percent greater chance to live at least 1 year after treatment, compared to patients receiving medication alone (Gillinov 517). This means many people who were born or diagnosed with a valve problem can most likely be diagnosed with Mitral Valve Prolapse over any other heart valve disease. When a father or a mother has Mitral Valve Prolapse, this creates a very high chance when they have a child, the child will be born having

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) is also knows as Barlow’s Syndrome or Click Murmur Syndrome and it affects about 2-6% of the United States population. While Mitral Valve Prolapse is one of the most common heart valve abnormality that can develop in any person at any age. It is usually not life-threatening and the patient might not even have symptoms. A patient might feel symptoms such as Fatigue, chest pain, or palpitations, which will cause a doctor to run tests such as an echocardiogram; causing a detection and confirmation of the Mitral valve prolapse. The MVP abnormality is caused when one or both of the mitral valve flaps are enlarged or have extra tissue. Causing the valve leaflets to not close correctly and allow leakage of blood back into

Mitral Valve Prolapse is a common cardiac disorder, affecting two to three percent of the general population annually (Delling & Vasan, 2014). Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is characterized by changes in the mitral leaflet tissue with displacement of the one or both leaflets into the left atrium of the heart. Because the leaflets do not close tightly to seal the valve, they are commonly referred to as being “floppy”. The mitral valve allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the left atrium of the heart, and when the leaflets become floppy it can cause backflow of the blood, also known as regurgitation (Delling & Vasan, 2014). This backflow of blood, or regurgitation, causes a murmur or turbulent blood flow, which can be heard on auscultation.

Methods: we prospectively enrolled 30 patients who had moderate rheumatic aortic regurgitation associated with pure rheumatic mitral stenosis in 15 patients ( group S) and 15 patients with pure rheumatic mitral incompetence ( group R). Quantification of the degree of the aortic incompetence done by echocardiography using the percentage of the width of the regurgitant get to the width of the left ventricular outflow tract ( LVOT). All patients had mitral valve surgery through a median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass. The follow-up of the patients done over one year period by both clinical and echocardiography to estimate the progression of the degree of aortic incompetence postoperatively.

More specifically the mitral valve which is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. Mitral prolapse can be localized meaning it only involves one leaflet of the valve or a segment of a leaflet. There is also generalized prolapse which involves the entire mitral valve. Patients have been known to suffer from a wide range of symptoms that include palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, dizziness, mental fogginess, weakness, anxiety, sharp chest pains and other effects. Symptoms tend to be mild but vary from patient to patient; however some patients have reported no symptoms at all. For patients that do experience symptoms they usually occur when blood is flowing backward through the valve also known as regurgitation. Complications typically include Mitral valve regurgitation, arrhythmias, and endocarditis. Valve regurgitation's are the most common complication, with this complication the valve leaks blood back into the left atrium. Patients with high blood pressure have a higher risk of valve regurgitation. Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms that usually occur in the upper chambers of the heart. They are usually harmless but may be bothersome in some patients. Endocarditis is an infection of the endocardium in the inner lining of the

Heart murmurs can be heard when a physician listens to the heart through a stethoscope during a regular check-up. Very loud heart murmurs and those with clicks or extra heart sounds should be evaluated further. Infants with heart murmurs who do not thrive, eat, or breath properly and older children who lose consciousness suddenly or are intolerant to exercise should also be evaluated. If the murmur sounds suspicious, the physician may order a chest x ray, an electrocardiogram, and an echocardiogram.

The valve is located on the left side of the heart. In a healthy dog the valve will create a tight seal between the left atrium and left ventricle, if the dog has mitral valve disease, also known as leaky valve disorder, the blood leaks back into the left atrium. The first signs of mitral valve disease is a heart murmur, in the early stages of the disease this is the only clinical sign. As the disease advances coughing, increased respiratory rate and fainting. The effected animal will also have an intolerance to exercise and in rare cases the disease can cause sudden death. In advance cause it can also cause symptoms consistent with heart

Tricuspid regurgitation is a disorder in which the heart’s tricuspid valve does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the atrium when the right ventricle contracts. The most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is enlargement of the right ventricle [1], caused by left-sided valvular lesions. Mitral valve disease is often accompanied by concomitant tricuspid valve disease. The most common indication for tricuspid valve intervention is tricuspid regurgitation (TR), and the presence of significant TR has been reported to be an important prognostic indicator of outcomes following mitral valve surgery [2]. Surgical treatment of tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) with left-sided valvular disease still remains a challenge for

There are several types of test that can be performed to see if the individual presents the signs of cardiac tamponade. An Echocardiogram is the main test that is used in diagnosing and determining if the patient has cardiac tamponade. While performing an Echocardiogram, a sonographer will pay special attention to the pressure of the mitral and tricuspid valve. The sonographer will use PW Doppler on both of these valves and see the differences between the E waves and

When atrial systole occurs, the atria contract and packs excessive blood into the ventricles, which then raises intrarventricular pressure (Cliburn, 1992). It takes place at the end of the ventricular diastole, and when this happens, the atrioventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed. Due to this, the blood arriving cannot enter the atrium, it instead flows back up through the jugular vein (AlMasri, 2010).

The role of the bicuspid valve is used to flow blood through the left atrium to the left ventricle. This is mostly called the mitral valve. The function of the aortic valve is to open so that blood can enter the heart. Also the aortic valve closes the left chamber which hold oxygen rich blood this is then pumped out of the body.