Mobile Ipv4 And Ipv6 Problems And Implementation

The OSI Model is a model is used to define how data is theoretically passed on a network. Each layer is responsible and has its own duties for a network. The name of layer 3 in the OSI is the Network Layer. This layer is responsible for creating the paths for the transmission of data across the network. This layer provides routing and switching capabilities, as well as, internetworking, congestion control, and packet sequencing (Beal, 1999).

3. NETWORK (layer 3) – Provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.

The layer starts from 7 being the top layer and 1 being the lowest layer of the OSI model. Application layer- Serves as the window for users and application processes to access networks services like web browser (Internet explorer, Mozilla) protocols – DNS & SSH etc. Presentation layer- Translates data from the format send into the format that program can understand. Session Layer- Starts and end session and also keeps them isolated protocols- SMB,NFS, Socks and allows session establishment between processes running on different stations. Network- Determines addressing method for being transmitted. Transport- Defines ports and reliability protocols- TCP, UDP. Network- logical or IP addressing: Determines best path for the destination protocols- IPV4, IPV6, ICMP, IPsec. Data link- Contain data into a frame that contains a header with a destination. Switches, Mac addressing protocols- PPTP, Token Ring. Physical Link- Determines the hardware used and the method used for data transmission like cables, network interface cards, electrical

* When it comes to routing, the network layer; is what finds the data link layer address of the next corresponding computer that the message has to be sent to. The easiest way to interpret this, is to look at it with Ethernet software. For example, if the data link layer is run using Ethernet, the network layer IP address would have to be translated into an Ethernet address so they can match and understand each other. Ethernet addresses are six bytes in length. The following table below, shows a better picture of the differences in software and addresses amongst the three. (Fitzgerald, 158)

derive exclusively from the IP layer in the network model. For instance, IPv6 does not

2. The seven Layers in the OSI model are Physical Layer, Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Application Layer and the presentation Layer. Each layer has a specific function to perform and consist of different protocols. Physical layer is the lowest one and handles transmission and reception of messages over the medium. Then comes the link layer , it allows error free transmission of the data frames in the physical layer. The network layer takes care of processes like routing, traffic control and fragmentation of the data. The next one is the transport layer, it takes care of the

The application layer: this layer allows different applications to communicate with each other’s. In order to exchange different data over the network connection, the protocols included in this layer set up the standards such as DNS, HTTP, FTP. The data coded in this layer will be encapsulated to transport layer for further packing.

In a nutshell, the OSI model is divided into seven layers that are responsible for moving data up and down the stack; from the user, all the way down to the physical layer where the cables reside and then back up again. Each layer uses its own protocols and is responsible for carrying out its assigned function. These layers include the Application Layer (layer 7), Presentation Layer (layer 6), Session Layer (layer 5), Transport Layer (layer 4), Network Layer (layer 3), Data Link Layer (layer 2) and the Physical Layer (layer 1). See Figure 3-3 for illustration of OSI model.

Under the article Intragrated IP address solution and management, this research concluded that IP address management provided abilities to manage, monitor, control and assign IPs space in a company. This greatly reduces costs and improves network uptime. The Core network services was another research done. Under this article, TCP/IP proved that more applications, users and even devices can run concurrently. This ensures that many tasks can be performed all the time. The article IPAM intelligence, it describes well how this protocol suite has led to fueling of new and intelligent approach to the IP address and management and thus improvement of this protocol suite. End-to-end service management was another article that was published proving how this protocol suite has enabled very high service performance and also availability. This is due to the fact that Telepresence and other real time service are easily accessible. Under the article File transfer ipv6 readiness, it was established that since the since ipv4 is running out, the introduction of ipv6 would be beneficial since it would be compatible with TCP/IP protocol suite. This would ensure that more data files would be transferred. Under the article Deploying new services with confidence, it was established that TCP/IP was a major contributor in deploying this reliable service. It was therefore important

In recent times the world has grown to become a digital world, easily accessible and so is the use of mobile phones. The development and utilization of mobile phones has been increased over the years, Service providers have also found ways to move with this trend. The latest generation of mobile phones usually referred to as “smartphones”, are built with high technology, changing the trend of traditional method of phone communication and replacing it with modern method such as internet calling. Smartphones are now used as Still and video cameras, audio and video players, handheld gaming, the ability to surf the internet and a lot of other applications, all in the palm of your hand. A lot of service providers has been making available services that are readily and easily available to use as to keep up with the ever growing trend for example premium rate services(PRS).

As mentioned in the comprehensive infrastructure analysis section above. The planned smart phone application will be incorporated into the current three-tier web platform architecture. The smart phone application will be the new presentation tier which hosts static contents and communicate with the logical tier through secured https protocol. The logical tier then communicate with the date tier, processes the request and response to the presentation tier. There is no need to make significant change to the current IT infrastructure on the server level. However, some extra desktop level hardware and software are required for implementing the smart phone app pilot

Ipv4 remains for Internet Protocol form 4. It is the underlying engineering that makes it workable for us to interface our gadgets to the web. Ipv4 utilizes a 32-bit location space, in which can suit around 4 billion remarkable locations. While that sounds generous, the functional number of usable locations is really much lower. The current Internet has become much bigger than was anticipated. There are a few issues, for example, approaching depletion of the Ipv4 location space, arrangement and complexities and poor security at the IP level. (PARR, 2011)

Internet protocol written as IP in the short form is the method by which one computer communicates by sending data to another computer over the Internet. Normally, each computer has a unique form of IP address that identifies itself on the internet. Internet protocol has two versions: Internet protocol version 4 and Internet protocol version 6 that is the most current version of IPV6 is an upgrade of IPV4 (Gavrilova 2006). IPV6 has added advantages and therefore necessitates every organization to migrate from IPV4 to IPV6.

Layer 2 Data Link – this layer sets up the connections over the physical system, putting parcels into the systems outlines. This layer has 2 sub-layers, the Logical Link management Layer and therefore the Media Access management Layer. Ethernet is the principal information linkage layer being use.

A typical cellular network can be envisioned as a mesh of hexagonal cells, each with its own base station at the center. The cells slightly overlap at the edges to ensure that users always will remain within range of a base station.