Mobile Rapid PCR Diagnostic Device And Asay Card For Dengue Virus

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

Throughout history, infectious diseases have impacted communities around the world. Outbreaks of bacteria and viruses in the past have damaged cities and devastated populations. Over the years, new developments in technology have led to advances in medicine and health. The great strides that have been made over the years have helped improve the lives of individuals and have led to a better environment.

According to the World Health Organization, a 2008 study showed that in the last 100 years, the world has warmed by approximately 0.75oC (Cruickshank 354). This warming has been and is a major factor that has contributed to the increase of destructive weather events. Such could be true in the case of the deadly typhoon that struck the Philippines in November of 2013. These weather events, in turn, contribute to the fact that infectious disease is the cause of approximately 37 percent of all the deaths in the world. This statistic is only expected to increase as a result of global warming. Additionally, over 40% of the citizens of developing countries and less than 2% of the citizens of developed countries are infected at any given time (Chan et al. 330). This is a staggering inequality, and it is undeserved that many of the countries that are being the most affected did little to contribute to the cause of global warming. This is why developing countries were specifically chosen to be looked into opposed to the entire earth population. Now, that some context has been given, more specific examples and studies can be looked into.

Unfortunately, for individuals in the developing world resources are lacking. It is individuals in these situations that are extremely vulnerable to potential exposure. Climate change is also impacting disease transmission. Large environmental areas are shrinking due to urban sprawl which is leading to increased populations density’s, increased pathogen load, decreased distributions, and a greater prevalence of disease (Mills, Gage, Khan, 2010). Thus, larger numbers of individuals are living in close proximity of disease vectors.

When it comes to zoonotic and vector-borne disease, they are on a steady rise due to a few factors controlled by the humans. Some of the factors helping to increased thee rise are the changing environment such as deforestation, conversion of grassland, and irrigation. Each of these directly affect the environment in which zoonotic and vector-borne disease thrive in putting more humans in direct contact with the disease. Other factors affecting the environment are the growing human population as well as behaviors which comes with a growing population. This would include migration patterns which can be seen with refugees traveling westward along with the after math of wars and urbanizations. Other contributing factors are the mass processing

The increase in travel, trade and tourism will also dramatically increase the prospects that infectious disease pathogens such as influenza and vectors such as mosquitoes and rodents will spread quickly around the globe (Gannon, 2000).

Globalization aided in impacting human health by population mobility. The source of epidemics throughout history can be traced back to human migration (Saker). The effects of these epidemics have changed whole societies. International efforts to prevent the spreading of infections from one country to another have been focused on. Early diseases that spread between Asia and Europe included the bubonic plague, influenzas of various types, and other similar contagious diseases. The world is more interdependent and connected than ever in the era of globalization. This is because inexpensive and efficient transportation allows access to almost everywhere and the increase of global trade of agricultural products brought an increasing number of people into contact with animal disease. Trade routes had long been established between Europe and Asia along which diseases were unintentionally transmitted. The management of malaria is a global role (Carter). Global institutions support the

For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification and detecting this pathogen for academic and quarantine uses. For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification and detecting this pathogen for academic and quarantine uses. For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification and detecting this pathogen for academic and quarantine uses. For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification and detecting this pathogen for academic and quarantine uses. For previous reasons, there is an essential for new effective and reliable methods of identification

Disease surveillance is not a new phenomenon that has just appeared over the last 15 years. Monitoring the spread of disease around the globe has been a challenge health practitioners for hundreds of years. However, the current state of disease surveillance system have become a critical necessity with the increasing threats from terrorists and our ability to easily travel and trade goods more freely around the world.

“The rodents spread the plague from China to Europe and it hit Britain in 1348.”(Bates, Claire) So if the world is so populated more people will be homeless, and the disease could spread easier wiping out millions. The black death was also spread by people getting bites from infected rats, the disease travels through the body into the lungs, and when the person coughs or sneezes, the disease is transmitted into the air and can infect people who breath in that same air. So if the world becomes too over populated and there aren’t enough houses people will be living on the streets where disease could spread easier and faster just like the black death. “Indirect contact infections spread when an infected person sneezes or coughs, sending infectious droplets into the air.”(DIRECT…) So if everyone if coughing and sneezing then anyone who breathes in that contaminated air could get the disease. “Last year, it called dengue the “most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease” in the world—faster than West Nile virus or malaria.”(The deadly…) If this disease was to break out when the world is overpopulated a disease could take out almost half the entire human race.There are hundreds of diseases that can be spread by animals, some examples are all types of Influenza, Bubonic Plague, zoonotic diseases, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and Polio. One disease is the Zika virus, it is spread by mosquito bites who bite women and when if the infected women gets pregnant the Zika virus transfers the virus to the child, once the child is born the child could be born with a fatal brain defect. When the world becomes more populated more people could get bit with more mosquitos and get the Zika virus and a whole new generation of kids could be born with a brain

The Zika Virus is a relatively newer virus. Scientists have yet to determine many characteristics of the contagion, but they do have many tests to determine if one is infected. Some examples include Trioplex Real-Time RT-PCR assay, the Zika MAC-ELISA, RNA NAT, and PRNT testing. Trioplex Real-Time RT-PCR is for detection and differentiation of RNA from dengue and chikungunya viruses which look similar to the ZIKV and are also spread by mosquito bites. The Zika MAC-ELISA detects if anti-Zika IgM antibodies were detected in the Cerebral Spinal Fluid(CSF) of the patient. In RNA NAT (Nucleic Acid Testing) is a blood screening test to detect pathogens. Lastly the PRNT or Plaque reduction neutralization test is used to quantify the volume of strength

Urbanisation and industrialisation in 1990s led to overcrowding and poor sanitation resulting in the spread of cholera, TB, typhoid, influenza, and malaria. These infectious diseases were the main cause of mortality rate during that time (Tulchinsky & Varavikova, 2009). After WWII, there was a rapid fall in global mortality rates due to improved public health standard that curtailed, if not eradicated various infectious diseases (Browne, 2005).

There is a need for diagnostic techniques like PCR with high sensitivity to provide accurate malaria diagnosis. With the active elimination of malaria infection, experts must conduct more case detections to identify one positive infection case (Bronzan, McMorrow & Kachur, 2008). The use of PCR may be limited because of its high cost per test (Cheng et al., 2015). Additionally, the use of active screening that is free of charge may encourage community-wide participation the (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012). The increase in massive screening is already straining the financial resources of many malaria control program. The need for technology advancement to produce screening methods with higher throughput at a lower cost and higher sensitivity is apparent. This work describes the development of Capture and Ligation Probe-PCR (CLIP-PCR) to meet these challenges. ). Reverse-transcription sensitivity PCR was achieved but got rid of its reliance to RNA reverse transcription and purification. Laboratory prepared samples used on a broad range of parasite pool sizes and densities before being applied to active screened dried blood spot samples gathered from 3 areas in China which are endemic. 18S rRNA of a genus Plasmodium is drawn from the blood and captured onto 96-well plates (Cheng et al., 2013). In addition to this, the 18S rRNA is measured by the amount of ligated probes that bind continually to it.

India is one of the countries that is accounted for 40% of infectious disease outbreaks, due to acute diarrheal and food poisoning. In collaboration with CDC’s division of foodborne, waterborne, and environmental disease, India is improving the labs capability to detect outbreaks of food poisoning disease. Health care staff has been trained on how to collect specimen, how to safely transport them, how to test for these food poisoning disease in their laboratories and how to report them. Since the proper training of the health care staff, 2000 specimen have been collected and transported safely.

There are currently many features of modern society that increase ours risk for the development and spread of new infectious diseases, these include such diseases as lymes Disease, West Nile Virus, Staph. Aures (MRSA) and many other new and remerging infectious diseases. In modern society the main issues that are faced include such things as the density of the population, the increased resistance to current antibiotics and antibacterial agent, changing biodiversity, climate change, increase in the speed and efficacy of travel.