Modeling Of Fractal Antenna Using Artificial Neural Network

Fibonacci numbers have applications in modern mathematics, and are often used in modern computer science.These numbers can create intricate patterns that reveal order hidden within systems that at first appear disorderly. This has lead some stock traders to use the sequence to find order within evolving stock values (O'Neill, Christopher). Similar practices have attempted to impose order on chaotic systems with the golden rectangle and golden spiral. In addition to proving useful in the solution of the rabbit problem, this sequence of numbers has come to have numerous other applications in a variety of other fields, shedding light on aspects of calculations dealing with processes including computers, finance banking, fractals, and biological models (McClenon, R.

2. Radius; increasing the radius will increase the inductance value and the Q of the device; somehow it will resonate at high frequency.

This antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate. It has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. copper material is used for ground plane and patch. We provided microstrip line feeding to this antenna.

The slot is fed by microstrip line because it is easy to etch on the substrate and to seek impedance

On old radios the antenna was detrimental to the radio’s operation. Today, the antenna is not necessary. AM radio does not have as good of quality as FM but it can travel farther distances. FM signals can be interfered by things such as mountains or other barrier

The video, Fractals: The Colors of Infinity and Mandelbrot’s Discovery is a very informative video explaining what exactly fractal geometry is and what a Mandelbrot set is. First, the Mandelbrot set is a very simple equation that repeats or feeds itself integers from . The equation is , with this equation you can zoom in or out as much as you like and there will be infinite patterns. This equation does not make normal shapes that we are used to seeing in everyday life, instead it plots points repeatedly creating a very intricate design. Benoit Mandelbrot created fractal geometry to be able to describe what a cloud looks like using a mathematical equation. A fractal is a geometrical structure that has detail on all levels of magnification.

Window embedded wire antennas have been introduced at FM frequencies for low-power or receive-only applications. The power transmitted by the army radios at VHF and UHF frequencies can exceed tens of watts. At these power levels, it is of crucial importance to isolate the interior of the vehicle from the antenna radiation. In addition, this isolation eliminates the affects of the cabin interior and passengers on the antenna input impedance and radiation pattern. Hence a transparent ground plane will be needed behind the radiating element to reduce the radiation inside the vehicle and at the same time increase the directivity of the antenna. A wire-mesh or a more sophisticated band-selective ground plane can be used as the reflecting element. A meshed patch antenna on a mesh ground plane can provide the required isolation with the cabin interior. However because of the sub-wavelength dimensions of the armored windows at VHF and UHF frequencies a patch antenna, if feasible, cannot provide the one octave bandwidth required by the army radios. In this paper a monopole bow-tie antenna backed by a cavity (armored window) is proposed. Because of the limited thickness of the window glass, the radiation element and the transparent ground plane need to be placed very close to each other. Therefore the gain and/or the

MIMO antenna configuration is requires in spatial multiplexing. In spatial multiplexing the high rate signal is divide into low rate signals and each individual stream is transmitted from different transmit antenna which is having the same frequency channel. Spatial multiplexing is technique which is capable of increasing channel capacity at higher signal to noise

The tangential components (seen in Figure 3.11), which are in phase, means that the resulting fields combine to give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the structure. Hence the edges along the width can be represented as two radiating slots, which are λ / 2 apart and excited in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground plane. The fringing fields along the width can be modeled as radiating slots and electrically the patch of the microstrip antenna looks greater than its

As shown from table.1, if the resonator gap between two parallel couple microstrips transmission lines is small then the

This ratio 1:1.61,occurs over and over again in nature. It is found in everything from the shape of our universe, the structure of clouds, and the even the proportions of the human body. People have put it into everything from mathematics, to artwork, and music, fractal dimensions have been calculated to be used frequently for Frank Lloyd Wright's and Le Corbusier's buildings. It can be found that both architects use the method of increasingly smaller rectangular grids. Frank Lloyd Wright's buildings display a self-similar characteristic over a wide range of scales. However for this specific project, Wright was following the brilliant example of his teacher, Louis Sullivan.By contrast, Le Corbusier's architecture displays a characteristic over

the cell phones antenna to one of the cell’s base station called the antenna. Once the base

MONOSTATIC RADAR When we use single antenna for both transmission and reception purpose such a radar called as monostatic radar. BISTATIC RADAR If two separates antennas are used for transmission and reception , then such a radar is called as bistatic radar. 16

Abstract— The self-similar recursive geometry is known as Fractal. Hindu Philosophy describes the cosmos as holonomic and self-similar in nature. In the connection of this context, fractal theory is being followed in Indian Hindu Temple Architecture much before the discovery of Fractal Theory. This paper is an attempt to find out the role of fractals in different elements of Indian Hindu temples. The study has extended from the site plan level to the minute detailing level. The discussion covers the elementary idea about the fractal theory and the basic structure of Hindu temples with supportive and self-explanatory visuals and analysis of the topic. It also focuses on the behavioural actions of fractals in Hindu temples and on the reasons behind its successful occurrence.

operation but also needs to have an appropriate proposed design. It employs two techniques to improve the radiation pattern. These techniques are the use of an angled dipole and vertical copper plates arranged on the ground plane for improvement in the radiation pattern of lower and upper bands, respectively radiation profile in both bands, namely similar gain, wide beamwidth. One of the popular techniques for broadening the patch antenna bandwidth is to incorporate a U-slot on its surface. They have the ability to confine the power in certain directions instead of scattering the power everywhere.