Modeling Uncertainty for Economic Effects in Tunisia and Jordan

Community health nurses face many concerns that can create environmental and global health issues. In history, humans have battled many health epidemics, from as early as the black plague, to polio, and more recent issues of measles, small pox, and HIV/AIDS. Many vaccines have been created and billions of lives have been saved, but there is still many unimmunized. Communities worldwide are at risk for many communicable diseases and should be prepared and knowledgeable about their community’s risks, protocols, and how to keep their community members safe.

It is critical to understand the epidemiology of such diseases that overcome a population. With this skill, it would enable health care managers to incorporate such skills to make proper evidence and population based decisions, especially when health resources are limited. In addition, finance, planning, quality issue assessments, and evidence based public health practice would be considered (Healey & Lesneksi, 2011). This can allow them to not only develop best practices, but to also share them through the health care system (Healey & Lesneksi, 2011).

This particular bacterium is not one that inhabits a specific geographical region as it colonizes within the human body. The disease is

In the article “The Optimism of Uncertainty”, the author, Howard Zinn, has shown his idea that overwhelming powers are not invincible as they look like. He reinforced his opinion by showing that throughout our history those unbeatable forces still have been beaten one-by-one by human beings. A key to victory was that people did not give up, remained their optimistic attitude toward to the future. The article was first come from his book “A Power Governments Cannot Suppress”. However, his idea “hope”, which is an indispensable element of optimism, still answers the question “If our world is facing an imminent environmental catastrophe, how do I live my life right now?” Howard believed “small acts, when multiplied by millions of people, can transform the world.” Therefore, in

The cost analysis is used for side effects, illnesses, and interventions/programs. The cost analysis includes the monetary analysis of communicable diseases, outbreaks, cancers, and interventions/programs.

Incidence is the rate of new or recently analyzed found diseases. It is for the most part reported as the quantity of new cases happening inside of a duration of time (i.e., every month, every year). It is more important when the incidence rate is accounted for as a small amount of the general public at danger of getting a disease (i.e., per 100,000 or per million population). Clearly, the accuracy of incidence rate information relies on the exactness of diagnosis and reporting of the infection. To report the rate of treatment of new cases following to these are known, even though not all incidence rates are untreated and not reported. Incidence rates are also categorized

Whereas evaluation of intervention effectiveness looks at how well the intervention improved health outcomes, economic evaluation looks at how cost factors relate to the intervention (CDC, n.d., page 4). In essence, economic evaluation is a way to identify, measure, value, and compare the costs and results of intervention programs and health policies (CDC, n.d., page 6). There are numerous purposes of economic evaluations. These include but are not limited to: generating burden of disease estimates (i.e., cost-of-illness analysis); comparing “willingness to pay” for the intervention to the intervention expense (i.e., cost-benefit analysis); comparing intervention costs to intervention outcomes (i.e., cost-of-effectiveness analysis); providing recommendations about the design or implementation strategy of a health intervention; and informing decision-making processes and policy development (CDC, n.d., page 4-7; Slade, 2016).

Dr. Bosley was chosen by the government of a North African Islamic republic to determine whether or not hydatid disease is a serious health problem. Hydatid disease is very infectious, and causes the development of large fluid-filled cysts located in the lungs, liver, and other organs. The disease is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus, which lays eggs that will likely develop into cysts which pose a risk of a fatal toxic reaction if ruptured. Dr. Bosley was elected to conduct a survey of the distribution of the disease, of which he conducts unethically.

Against a background of increasing demands on limited resources, health economics is exerting an influence on decision making at all levels of health care. Health economics seeks to facilitate decision making by offering an explicit decision making framework based on the principle of efficiency. It is not the only consideration but it is an important one and practitioners will need to have an understanding of its basic principles and how it can impact on clinical decision making.

This paper will explore the role of epidemiology in the surveillance of the incidence of

This economic modernization in the Middle East, could only be a short term success which does not guarantee the successful and stable economic development of oil rich states and the region as a whole in the long term. The Middle East, despite its vast reserves of oil, is still considered a developing region due to the high reliance on oil revenues and rather weak production sector of the economy as well as due to some political factors such as lack of democracy, corruption, reluctance to the reforms and other issues. There are various reasons as to why the Middle East is still considered a developing region despite its oil wealth. Natural resource revenues have also been linked to slow economic growth rates, inequality, and poverty. One culprit may be "Dutch disease," which was discussed earlier. Other factors may include the volatility associated with commodity prices, which can have especially negative impacts on weak-state economies; and the underdevelopment of agricultural and manufacturing sectors during boom periods in resource-based economies. And even when oil abundance produces high growth, it often benefits only a few corrupt elites rather than translating into higher living standards for most of the population. Corruption is one of the economic deficiencies which can weaken economic growth and development; thus it is considered as an important impediment to economic growth and political stability, particularly in developing countries. The dependence on a

HHI can also be measured at different levels: 1) hospital; 2) system; 3) network; and 4) system or network level. Table 10 shows the different specifications using HHI at different levels. Similarly, this sensitivity analysis supports the results from the main GLM regressions. Coefficients of different types of health systems changed slightly at the third decimal place when different HHI variables were included. It is worthwhile to pay attention to the systematic differences in HHI coefficients. The magnitude of coefficients became larger from model 1 to model 4 for colectomy, CABG and PCI samples.

Saudi Arabia has an economy that is largely dependent on oil, with the government maintaining the biggest control over the country 's significant economic activities. Saudi Arabia owns about 16% of the global oil reserves and is the number one exporter of oil (Saudi Arabia, 2013). In addition, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was instrumental in the formation of the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) group, which initially comprised Iraq, Venezuela, Iran, Kuwait and Venezuela (Energy indicators, 2004). Currently, the petroleum industry constitutes about 80% of the country 's budgetary incomes; about 40% of the country 's GDP and 87% of Saudi 's export earnings. Agriculture, in addition to petroleum products, has been a major contributor to the kingdom’s economy since 1970s (Saudi Arabia, 2013). The country has been able to produce enough agricultural products for their consumption as well as surplus for exportation to the GCC member countries.

The economy in the United Arab Emirates has experienced substantial increases in the last 40 years. The UAE’s capabilities with the pearling and oil industries have given the region its necessary budgets to expand so rapidly. The economic policies in the UAE have gone through stages, since the birth of the region in 1971. Changes in economic welfare of the markets, and privatization policies are also key aspects in understanding the UAE’s economic liberalization and growth. In order to understand the UAE’s economic standard, economic liberalization must be analyzed. The argument of this paper will discuss how economic liberalization has occurred in the United Arab Emirates and is continuing to grow.

The UAE is one of the riches nations in the world as measure by per capita GNP. The economy is primarily based on the oil