Modeling a Bluetooth Indoor Location System Based on Location Fingerprinting

Radio frequency identification (RFID) can help track patients and record their readings, track equipment, and employee location in the hospital. (Larsen, Marc G. 2012) Radio frequency identification is a technology that captures data using electric or magnetic fields at radio frequencies. Depending on the type of radio frequency identification that is being used an individual can be tracked any where from 10 feet away to 300 feet away, this will allow for both patients and staff to be tracked and or monitored. The three main things radio frequency identification is used for is tracking, monitoring, and identification. This technology can also help improve speed of lab test and monitoring and logging of temperature for refrigerated storage. (McGrady, Elizabeth. 2012)

Location is one of the biggest privacy issues we are dealing with today. Social media is the biggest example of having issues with location. When downloading or updating any app notifications pop up and most people just agree to them and not actually read it. “...When users attempt to download apps or media from the

Have you ever wanted to see in the heat, well now you can with the infrared camera? The infrared camera is a non-contact device that can detect infrared energy and heat. Infrared can also measure the heat radiation by an object. The infrared camera can show us many things like how much heat something has and the object's temperature. The infrared camera is a much-needed device because the light and the heat can bring us special information that our eyes can't see.

This simplified 2D example will demonstrate how GPS uses trilateration to pinpoint an unknown location. Once a receiver has "locked in" onto a satellite, the unknown position may be anywhere within the radius of 1000 km of satellite one. The receiver picks up a signal from a second satellite and calculates the range as 1200 km. The position has been narrowed down to two positions; where the ranges intersect. If the receiver picks up another satellite, the unknown position can be found by calculating where all three distances are possible.

The question that naturally follows is how a receiver is able to make a distance measurement from its position on earth to the satellites orbiting the earth. The basic physics theory used to determine distance is the speed of the signal multiplied by the time it took to travel from the satellite to the receiver. Since radio waves are used to communicate between the satellite and the receiver, the speed of the transmission is known to be the speed of light or 186,000 miles per second. However, the determination of time is trickier since the time traveled is short, usually on the order

Only until recently, however, have location services’ significance exponentially increased. From trivial games and apps to life-saving utilities, location services are being put to work more than ever. These items rely on the user’s location, which can be gathered from two different methods (Location Services: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly). The first method involves Global Positioning Systems (GPS). As explained by Location Services: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, “the GPS hardware in the phone is capable of communicating with the 30 GPS satellites that orbit the globe. Using three satellites at one time, the GPS is able to pinpoint the user’s exact location” (Location Services: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly). Most phones have built in GPS communicators, and since this process typically determines the user’s location faster and more accurately than its counterpart, is utilized more. However, before GPS were commonplace, location of the consumer was calculated by gauging the distance, via cell signal, from three different cell phone towers. This process, also known as triangulation, generates an approximate location of the user. Although this method is not as accurate as GPS, it still has a place in determining location today. Used alongside GPS, triangulation can produce an almost exact location of the user. Together, these methods make up what is commonly referred to as location services, and they direct all location-demanding

With the progression and development in GPS and Wi-Fi, geo-location has become a dominant tool that can collect information over huge distances. It is purpose is to identify the physical location and time of a user when they post something on the internet. This helps advertisers and third party companies to help predict or assume the interest and likes of the user. The more the user uses the service, the more the service uses the user. Geo-location included in devices such as cell phones, computers, laptops, tablets but many people seem to be unaware. Going online with these devices can show where someone is, what they are doing and what time they are doing it. Telecommunication companies and internet providers record the sites and places we visit online to help profile and analyse the user more efficiently. Cell phones have become so common for social media use that users are willing to risk their privacy to have access to their social media sites or in most cases the user is oblivious that their information is being taken from them. This gives rise to the fear of potential big companies, or even the government,

Bluetooth technology was the creation of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. This groups was founded by five major corporations from different countries to develop communication system that could be used world-wide. Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Intel, and Toshiba, founded the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in February of 1998. (Morrow, 2002) Microsoft, 3Com, Lucent, and Motorola later joined the group in December 1999. Now the group of nine members is called SIG Promoters. There are no plan as of now to add any other member to the group. (Morrow, 2002)

NFC is a short range wireless technology that provides secured two-way interaction between electronic devices. Here, the communications are established in a simple way i.e. it does not require any special set-up by the users which is required for many wireless communication technologies. NFC provides users the contactless communication i.e. access digital content and connect electronic devices together with in a distance of about 4 to 5 centimeters. As no physical connections are required for near field communication, the connection becomes more reliable.

Abstract:-In this paper we have discussed numerous of papers which are based on mobile computing we also have done comparative analysis of those paper with different parameter which include domain, application ,issue within them. Futher we also sugget next generation system in future scope for user location anonymization.

Abstract—Although fingerprint based localization is promising for indoor applications, its accuracy remains a huge challenge. Most existing approaches depends on the Radio Signal Strength (RSS) to generate fingerprints. Merely using RSS is unable to accurately localize since such an one-dimensional fingerprint is serious influenced by the interference and multipath effect in the indoor environment. In this paper, we propose a new localization approach based on multidimensional WiFi fingerprint. Instead of using RSS only, we employ RSS, transmitted power, and channel information to construct fingerprints. The extension of fingerprints enables fine-grained localization and tracking services. We also deign a cosine similarity based matching algorithm and enhanced particle filter mechanism to realize the localization and tracking. Extensive experiment and implementation results show that using the new fingerprint can achieve an accuracy within 2m in 90% testing points, with good adaptability to complex indoor environments.

Logical positions: Identifying user’s position without information directly corresponding to physical space but associated with certain patterns including motions, activities and landmarks. Physical location could then be given by retrieving associate spatial features of those patterns.

All wireless technologies rely upon propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves oscillating at various frequencies (generally through air and water). The wireless segment traditionally refers to transmission of RF waves for the intent of human communication. RF stands for radio frequency, and refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from 3 KHz-300 GHz.1 As an aside, current deployment of telecommunication signals range in the 700 MHz - 6GHz range. There are also technologies designed for non-communicative uses

RECEIVER SECTION:- This section is worked as a Flip-flop (Bistable). IC-3 is decade counter, its Pin No.14 is input and Pin No. 2 output. The output of frequency detector stage is used, via a flip-flop, to switch ‘ON’ or switch ‘OFF’ a LED alternately. The receiver uses infrared modules IR-signal from the transmitter is sensed by the sensor through and its output PIN 1 goes low and switched LED. IC-3 is worked on clock pulse which receives to infrared modules at Pin No. 14. Its output at Pin No 2 throughes high.

At the receiver, in order to correctly demodulate the received signal, it is necessary to know which sequence is linked to the smallest PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO among M different candidates after performing the dot product. Hence, the receiver is required to learn information about selected phase vector sequence and ensure that the vector sequence is received correctly.