1. Outline the history and development of the medical, social and psycho-social models of disability
Medical:
The medical model defines a disability as something that is physically ‘wrong’ with a person’s body. This could be an illness or acquired damage to the body in an accident for example. The medical model views the human body as something which can be fixed or repaired if there is a problem with it.
The medical model of disability was started around the early 19th century, when physicians and doctors started to have a more prevalent influence on society. Modern medicine was beginning to make advances and priests were no longer seen as the only place people could go to for help.
In the 19th century it was very much believed that
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However, the phrase “substantially and permanently” is still used today in many Social Services departments.
Section 21 of the act gave the local authorities the power to provide accommodation for the elderly and “infirm”. It allowed anyone who could not get the care they needed at home to be accommodated by them. Section 22 gave them the power to charge for this accommodation, but this was based on individual cases and was means tested.
The act was introduced to coincide with the founding of the “new” NHS in 1948.
The Health Services and Public Health Act 1968 was then introduced with more provisions to promote the welfare of old people. A Department of Health and Social Security circular, series number DHSS(71)19 expanded this act to include various other provisions. Having meals brought to people’s houses, help with travelling, help with finding suitable accommodation, practical assistance at home and providing warden services for private housing were all included.
In the circular it is stated that “arrangements for services to the elderly who are not substantially and permanently handicapped” were to be made. This was “to promote the welfare of the elderly generally” and goes on to state that the intention is to “prevent or postpone personal or social deterioration or breakdown”.
Again, this act states that individuals may be charged for services, and that voluntary organisations could be employed as agents for any of the provisions in the act.
2 years
The Beveridge Report 1942 suggested a requirement for support to all from cradle to grave. Proposing funding through contributions from working people to the government in return for benefits for the unemployed, widowed, retired and sick, in order to provide minimum living standards in Britain. The Ministry of Health’s Aneurin Bevan aimed to make health care freely available to all in contrast to the Poor Law which was based on means testing. In 1948 the National Health Service Act 1986 came into force, providing free diagnosis and treatment of illnesses in the home or hospital, including dental treatment for all. Today there is no longer focus on Beveridge’s cradle to grave, instead cost, along with the support of private and public assistance
There are two models that link with equality, diversity and inclusion, the first one is the social model of disability which views discrimination and prejudice as being embedded in today’s society, their attitude’s and their surrounding environment. The social model focuses on who the adult is as person not what their disability or diagnosis is, the focus is on how to improve and empower the individual’s life and lead a more independent life as possible. The second model is the medical model of disability which views adults has having an impairment or lacking in some
The medical model of disability views disabilities as a problem that belongs to the disabled person. It is not seen as a problem that needs the concern of anyone else apart from the disabled individual affected, for example if a wheelchair user is unable to get into a building because there are steps then, the wheelchair is seen as the problem not the steps, according to the medical model.
The Medical Model regards disability as an individual problem. It promotes a traditional view of disability, that it is something to be ‘cured’, even though many conditions have no cure. The problem is seen as the disabled person and their impairment, not society, and the solution is seen as adapting the disabled person to fit the non-disabled world, often through medical intervention. Control resides firmly with professionals; choices for the individual are limited to the options provided and approved by the 'helping' expert.
The Health and Social Care Act 2012 came into force with crucial principles including new structures and arrangements in health care services to safeguard and strengthen the future of NHS and maintain the modernisation plan. In this Act, many new changes has been made to a number of existing Acts, National Health Services Act (NHS 2006), in order to enable health care system to tackle the existing challenges and also avoid any potential crisis in future. It has also introduced the proper allocation of NHS fund and budget, and improved the integrated care between NHS and social care services to promote patients’ choice in terms of delivering quality care.
Society often focuses on what a person lacks in terms of disability and focuses on condition or illness or a person’s lack of ability. Medical model of disability which views adults has having an impairment or lacking in some way
Taking care of the individuals that are getting older takes many different needs. Most of these needs cannot be given from the help of a family. This causes the need of having to put your love one into a home and causing for the worry of how they will be treated. It is important for the family and also the soon to be client to feel at home in their new environment. This has been an issue with the care being provided for each individual, which has lead to the need of making sure individuals have their own health care plan.
In contrast to this, I have found while researching these models of disabilities that the social model is very different. It focuses more on the persons rights as a human and emotions than just medicine.
A disability can be physical, mental, emotional, cognitive, sensory, and formative or some consolidation of these. Disabilities are the wide term, covering weaknesses, action restrictions and participation restrictions. Disability is an issue in body capacity or structure; a movement limitation is a trouble experienced by a person in executing an activity; while a participation restriction is an issue accomplished by a single person in inclusion in life circumstances. In this way disability is a complex reality, reflecting a connection between features of an individual 's body and features of the general public in which he or she exists. (WHO 2012)
The National Assistance Act provided further cover for those who were disabled, old aged, sick or of any other special needs, acting as a "safety net. " The problem with this, however, was that benefits were not set high enough and so National Assistance boards were flooded with applications for extra benefit, creating great strain on the available funds. To deal with the problem of "disease" Labour provided the National Health Service. This was completely thought up by them and was very successful. It provided free medical assistance of any kind, including eye care, dental care, hearing facilities, specialists and general practitioners.
Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which
Old Age Pension,National Insurance, Industrial Injuries Insurance, Family Allowances and National Assistance together with War Pensions, constitute a comprehensive system of social security in the United Kingdom. The purpose of these programmes is that under no circumstances any one be allowed to fall below a certain minimum standard of living and the aged are also equally incorporated in this novel scheme. In England, an old age pension scheme financed from the Central Government Funds was started under the 1908 Act and it was free from the personal indignities of the Poor Law. In 1939, the pensions based on need for the old comprised a part of the social insurance and other allied services in Britain. A contributory old age widows’ pension scheme was also incorporated within this policy. These services were in addition to the services being given by voluntary organizations. Besides cash benefits, a number of services for the elderly in their homes are provided in Britain by various statutory and voluntary bodies to help old people to live there for as long as possible. A large proportion of the time of home nurses, health visitors and home-helps is spent on the needs of the elderly. ‘Good Neighbour’ and friendly visiting services are also arranged by local authority or voluntary organization to assist the elderly. Other services available to the aged include chiropody service, sitters-in,
Disability is an umbrella term coving impairments, active limitations and participation restriction. Disability is an unfortunate part of human life which can affect not only the natural way of living but also impact on basic component , strength and power . Person with disability are most disadvantage section of society, they are neglected in their family also .As per an estimate of World Health Organisation, ten percent of the World’s Population suffer from one or other forms of disability and almost one fifth of the disabled person of the World lives in India Literally the term ‘disability’ means a physical or mental condition that limits a person 's movements, senses, or activities. Helander gave the simplest and may be the initial definition of disabled person . According to him “ A person who in his / her society is regarded as disabled , because of a differences in appearances and /or behaviour” . According to 2001 census , nearly 5% of the Indian population are effected with impairment or disability. Disability is also a state of mind because it makes people to think that there is some impairment preventing a person to do work in normal way. The problem of disability is global and it require remedial measures at national, regional and international level. These disabled people are restricted in or unable to perform an activity or function considered normal for human being due to physical , mental or psychological impairments. These people have been usually
In 2010, 13% of the population was over the age of 65 years and by 2050 this is predicted to rise to around 20%. Australia has been proactive in response to population ageing, with a well articulated policy in relation to residential and community care since the mid 1980s. Given its comparatively small population of 22 million, there has been time for the government, the broader community and institutional structures to plan ahead to respond appropriately to the social and economic implications of an ageing society. Since the mid 1980s, in line with international trends amongst mature developed economies, there has been a gradual shift from institutional to community care and the articulation of ‘ageing in place’, ‘productive’ and ‘active ageing’ policies. Governments of both the right and the left in Australia have actively pursued these agendas, influenced by the policy leadership of key international agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), OECD and various initiatives of the International Year of Older Persons (Australian Government Treasury, 2010; Commonwealth of Australia Productivity Commission, 2011; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001). In the light of rapidly growing demand and the development of new service modes and technologies, ageing and community care policies have been under constant review. The National Productivity Commission has just completed a major inquiry into Care of Older
This paper will discuss the definition of normal and how it has changed in time; one thing that remains the same is how the meaning has revolutionized our present society. Statisticians and eugenicists Adolphe Quetelet, Sir Francis Galton, Charles Darwin, and Madame Bovary have provided statistical data to support what the meaning stands for and how it came into existence whether in agreement or apprehension on the matter. People with disabilities have been in the mix of dealing with the controversial laws and theories that have preceded them. In the book the disability studies reader the different approaches used to create the meaning of normal as part of the human body are argued in America and Europe.