Models of Disability (outcome 1)

There are two models that link with equality, diversity and inclusion, the first one is the social model of disability which views discrimination and prejudice as being embedded in today’s society, their attitude’s and their surrounding environment. The social model focuses on who the adult is as person not what their disability or diagnosis is, the focus is on how to improve and empower the individual’s life and lead a more independent life as possible. The second model is the medical model of disability which views adults has having an impairment or lacking in some

Taking care of the individuals that are getting older takes many different needs. Most of these needs cannot be given from the help of a family. This causes the need of having to put your love one into a home and causing for the worry of how they will be treated. It is important for the family and also the soon to be client to feel at home in their new environment. This has been an issue with the care being provided for each individual, which has lead to the need of making sure individuals have their own health care plan.

The medical model of disability views disabilities as a problem that belongs to the disabled person. It is not seen as a problem that needs the concern of anyone else apart from the disabled individual affected, for example if a wheelchair user is unable to get into a building because there are steps then, the wheelchair is seen as the problem not the steps, according to the medical model.

The Health and Social Care Act 2012 came into force with crucial principles including new structures and arrangements in health care services to safeguard and strengthen the future of NHS and maintain the modernisation plan. In this Act, many new changes has been made to a number of existing Acts, National Health Services Act (NHS 2006), in order to enable health care system to tackle the existing challenges and also avoid any potential crisis in future. It has also introduced the proper allocation of NHS fund and budget, and improved the integrated care between NHS and social care services to promote patients’ choice in terms of delivering quality care.

The sick were another group the government tried to help. A contributory scheme was introduced for workers in case of illness. At the time there was no free national health service and the poor usually could not afford medical help. The “National Insurance Act” of 1911 gave some medical benefits for the worker who, when working, had paid into the scheme which their employer and the government would then add too. One of the main causes of poverty was the sickness and subsequent absence from work so any amount of income during absence from work would benefit the worker and their family greatly. However there were many problems with the scheme. For a start the workers did not like the idea that 4 pence of their money every week would be taken from them despite the possibility they may not claim on their insurance and they may have need the 4 pence for their own survival at the time. Also, it was only the workers themselves who were able to claim from the insurance despite the difficulties another illness in the family may put upon the other family members. Thus, to be of greater use and to have been viewed in greater favour by many this scheme would need to

Long-term care or nursing home was used by someone requiring help with physical and emotional needs, etc. The role of informal caregivers like family and friends are to help those less fortunate than themselves. In the past, there were several generations living under the same roof of the informal caregivers. (Pratt)(2016), “There are several types of services that makeup the institutional and nonistitutional care.” (p20) (Pratt)(2016), “Institutionalized cares are mainly the nursing care, assisted living care, subacute care and housing services because these are in a facility.”

The Beveridge Report 1942 suggested a requirement for support to all from cradle to grave. Proposing funding through contributions from working people to the government in return for benefits for the unemployed, widowed, retired and sick, in order to provide minimum living standards in Britain. The Ministry of Health’s Aneurin Bevan aimed to make health care freely available to all in contrast to the Poor Law which was based on means testing. In 1948 the National Health Service Act 1986 came into force, providing free diagnosis and treatment of illnesses in the home or hospital, including dental treatment for all. Today there is no longer focus on Beveridge’s cradle to grave, instead cost, along with the support of private and public assistance

). Walker and Warren (1996) pointed out, that the continued failure to provide sufficient and adequate services means that some vulnerable older adults and their family undertaking a caring role are put under dyer strains which, in turn, poses a threat to the viability of their caring relationships. It also means that the home care services cannot realise their full potential in the prevention of dependency but instead are forced to act in a reactive mode (Walker and Warren, 1996).

A disability can be physical, mental, emotional, cognitive, sensory, and formative or some consolidation of these. Disabilities are the wide term, covering weaknesses, action restrictions and participation restrictions. Disability is an issue in body capacity or structure; a movement limitation is a trouble experienced by a person in executing an activity; while a participation restriction is an issue accomplished by a single person in inclusion in life circumstances. In this way disability is a complex reality, reflecting a connection between features of an individual 's body and features of the general public in which he or she exists. (WHO 2012)

This paper will discuss the definition of normal and how it has changed in time; one thing that remains the same is how the meaning has revolutionized our present society. Statisticians and eugenicists Adolphe Quetelet, Sir Francis Galton, Charles Darwin, and Madame Bovary have provided statistical data to support what the meaning stands for and how it came into existence whether in agreement or apprehension on the matter. People with disabilities have been in the mix of dealing with the controversial laws and theories that have preceded them. In the book the disability studies reader the different approaches used to create the meaning of normal as part of the human body are argued in America and Europe.

Disability is an umbrella term coving impairments, active limitations and participation restriction. Disability is an unfortunate part of human life which can affect not only the natural way of living but also impact on basic component , strength and power . Person with disability are most disadvantage section of society, they are neglected in their family also .As per an estimate of World Health Organisation, ten percent of the World’s Population suffer from one or other forms of disability and almost one fifth of the disabled person of the World lives in India Literally the term ‘disability’ means a physical or mental condition that limits a person 's movements, senses, or activities. Helander gave the simplest and may be the initial definition of disabled person . According to him “ A person who in his / her society is regarded as disabled , because of a differences in appearances and /or behaviour” . According to 2001 census , nearly 5% of the Indian population are effected with impairment or disability. Disability is also a state of mind because it makes people to think that there is some impairment preventing a person to do work in normal way. The problem of disability is global and it require remedial measures at national, regional and international level. These disabled people are restricted in or unable to perform an activity or function considered normal for human being due to physical , mental or psychological impairments. These people have been usually

The National Assistance Act provided further cover for those who were disabled, old aged, sick or of any other special needs, acting as a "safety net. " The problem with this, however, was that benefits were not set high enough and so National Assistance boards were flooded with applications for extra benefit, creating great strain on the available funds. To deal with the problem of "disease" Labour provided the National Health Service. This was completely thought up by them and was very successful. It provided free medical assistance of any kind, including eye care, dental care, hearing facilities, specialists and general practitioners.

In 2010, 13% of the population was over the age of 65 years and by 2050 this is predicted to rise to around 20%. Australia has been proactive in response to population ageing, with a well articulated policy in relation to residential and community care since the mid 1980s. Given its comparatively small population of 22 million, there has been time for the government, the broader community and institutional structures to plan ahead to respond appropriately to the social and economic implications of an ageing society. Since the mid 1980s, in line with international trends amongst mature developed economies, there has been a gradual shift from institutional to community care and the articulation of ‘ageing in place’, ‘productive’ and ‘active ageing’ policies. Governments of both the right and the left in Australia have actively pursued these agendas, influenced by the policy leadership of key international agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), OECD and various initiatives of the International Year of Older Persons (Australian Government Treasury, 2010; Commonwealth of Australia Productivity Commission, 2011; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001). In the light of rapidly growing demand and the development of new service modes and technologies, ageing and community care policies have been under constant review. The National Productivity Commission has just completed a major inquiry into Care of Older

Old Age Pension,National Insurance, Industrial Injuries Insurance, Family Allowances and National Assistance together with War Pensions, constitute a comprehensive system of social security in the United Kingdom. The purpose of these programmes is that under no circumstances any one be allowed to fall below a certain minimum standard of living and the aged are also equally incorporated in this novel scheme. In England, an old age pension scheme financed from the Central Government Funds was started under the 1908 Act and it was free from the personal indignities of the Poor Law. In 1939, the pensions based on need for the old comprised a part of the social insurance and other allied services in Britain. A contributory old age widows’ pension scheme was also incorporated within this policy. These services were in addition to the services being given by voluntary organizations. Besides cash benefits, a number of services for the elderly in their homes are provided in Britain by various statutory and voluntary bodies to help old people to live there for as long as possible. A large proportion of the time of home nurses, health visitors and home-helps is spent on the needs of the elderly. ‘Good Neighbour’ and friendly visiting services are also arranged by local authority or voluntary organization to assist the elderly. Other services available to the aged include chiropody service, sitters-in,

Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which