Modern accumulation of property and the scarce employment opportunities in Kenya Elphas Kiprotich Ngeno (Master of Arts student)
B.A (Political Science and Public Administration, Moi University, Kenya)
Abstract
This paper is a brief highlight on the process of property ownership in Kenya, from the colonial period to the present day. It begins by explaining property allocation and ownership from the colonial periods from the perspective Karl Marx “Primitive accumulation”. It further points on the character of leadership after independence and the insensitivity to people’s problems that governed property allocation in the independence leadership. In the second section, it explains the capitalist nature in the country, characterized by endless acquisition of property by the powerful and control of the upward mobility. Education remained the only means to succeed at one time but again the rate of unemployment, deplorable working conditions and policies has made education meaningless. The only means to own property that gives opportunity to every boy is using skills and become self employed or turn to talents. These however still rely on government’s efforts and willingness to provide a conducive environment, financial and training.
Introduction
A critical analysis on the works of Karl Max “primitive accumulation of property” (DeAngelis, 2001), serves to explain the post-independence Kenya and the transition to capitalism. Patron client-relationships are clearly supported by
There was a great question asked by numerous individuals in the eighteenth century with what happens to people’s lives when their country is a colony of another country. This was very important to Americans when they were being ruled by Great Britain, and even to this day it remains important when countries find themselves controlled by more powerful outsiders. But what is colonialism? Colonialism occurs when one nation takes control of another. Kenya’s experience as a colony of Great Britain gives us more of an idea of what being colonized meant both to the people being controlled and to those who control them. Although it seems hard to believe, Kenya was created by the Europeans and generally this had a positive on effect on Kenyans because it began development.
A very important component for success in life is to be informed on the world around we live in. Education for the Europeans was seen as more important than those who were African. In 1955, over 33% of European students received secondary education while 1% of Africans did. Required for children aged 7-15 in Europe, and not required at all for Africans, proves that British Colonial rule did not see a reason for the native Kenyans to be well educated [10]. Just like education, African religion was put below European religion. In 1962, the protestant religion stood at 7% of 8.6 million while indigenous beliefs was at 80%. In 2002 the population was 30.8 million, and the protestant religion took up 38% while indigenous beliefs only took up 26% [8]. Protestant religion beginning as the vast minority compared to the African beliefs, ended up 12% higher than the former majority. As the protestant religion spreads out and their followers increase, the indigenous beliefs followers became less known. This intense rise in British influence regarding religion on the people of Kenya is an example of how native African rituals and beliefs were fading away and becoming weaker under British Colonial rule. Between the underlying reasons as to why education was required for Europeans and not for Africans, and the harsh increase in
The ethnicization of politics began when European colonial powers transformed race and tribe into a static entity for the colonial legal project (Mamdani, 2002). Much like the Bantustans completely ethnicized society in apartheid-era South Africa (Handley, 2015), ethnicity became important for the colonial “divide and conquer” strategy throughout the continent. Administrating a large African populace could only be completed through a differentiation of ethnic identities. Unfortunately, most African states maintained this systematic segregation of peoples through decolonization and the post-colonial era. The patrimonial elites that inherited power in the post-colonial government could use this strategy to ensure a longer political rule (Hagg & Kagwanja, 2008). The result of segregation in Kenya recently transformed into political turmoil. Where Kenya is an example of an emerging democracy in the African context, ethnicity is viewed with trepidation (Jung, 2000). The proclaimed “2007-2008 Kenya Crisis” exemplifies the notion of ethnic tension. In this paragraph, I
In my first informational text, "Money, Modernization and Ambivalence among the Sidama of Northeastern Africa”, by John H. Hamer, it is explained that the fast spread of market economics and new communication tools, which are ideas brought about by influence from western nations, bring an obstruction to local cultures and values, particularly in communities such as tribes in Africa. As a result of the structural change of the world’s economy, Africans are beginning to integrate new ideas, brought to them by the spread of
The 2008 financial crisis which displaced many home-owners created a new market for rent to own real estate properties. The recession caused home ownership to become unaffordable for average middle- and working-class citizens. This resulted in a clamor for affordable housing for millions of Americans who had lost their savings, their investments (homes), and their reputations (credit.)
The author uses the primitive and free-rule Kenya to show some real man’s characteristics. In this primitive land, only the strongest are able to survive. For example, the lion is known as the king of the jungle because he does not have any other animal that can oppose him; on the other hand, a weak antelope is doomed to die and be the food of the strong. In addition, in this primitive
b. Although Kenya had fertile soil in the highlands, aggressive commerce, and small minority of European settlers, there were still problems shortly after their independence. Unlike Tanzania, Kenya was capitalist by being more open with foreign investment and profit incentives. However, it led to inequality between the classes because Kenya had a large landlessness, unemployed, and poverty population. In addition, the constant conflicts between the ethnic groups and tensions between farmers and pastoralists contributed to political
Throughout time, nations far and wide have come to Europe for guidance. Just recently, hundreds of people have fled to Europe from the Middle East. After they arrive, they must look to their new nation’s leaders for help and advice. Europe is a safe haven for people worldwide. In a Kenya without these people, the poor could own land
Kenya was colonized by the British Empire during the Scramble for Africa in 1895. The British colonized Kenya in hopes of finding raw materials to use in their factories and to expand their power’s reach. During the colonization of Kenya, natural resources such as cotton, wildlife, and human beings were taken advantage of and used in the processing of raw materials into goods for export. The Europeans forcefully took over Kenyan land, leaving the natives scattered and unhomed. Many rebellions occurred to fight back and reclaim the land the British stole. One of the most notable rebellions would be the Mau Mau rebellion, which resulted in violent divisions within the Kikuyu community. Kenya's legal status as an independent nation was provided
the Kenyan people's land. Some changes were to their religion preferences, their job pay, and
Contrary to popular belief, there is no best way to rule property ownership in society. While all political ideologies have individual proposals as to how ownership should run, there are inevitable flaws in all of them; the reason for these flaws are because of the dynamic nature of society. This essay will discuss and critique three alternative forms of property ownership: capitalism, socialism, and participatory economics.
To help the reader better apprehend the African reality as it pertains to class Nkrumah provides us with some eye-opening geopolitical data. They relate to the actual size of the continent and its value in terms of natural resources. [Slide 7] If that information was not astounding enough, Nkrumah tackles one of the most persisting falsehoods relating to Africa. He boldly asserts that African history predates colonialism. Better yet, the writer claims that the continent was socially, politically and economically structured prior to the advent of the Europeans.
Without taking to account the loyalty people have for their various tribes and ethnic groups, attempts to combine tribes failed and further heightening tribal tensions and conflicts ("Ethnicity and Tribalism in Africa: The Truth", 2014). Instead of working towards transitioning from the unfavorable hierarchy it so long endured, the African “bourgeoisie” inherited the practices of exploitation from its European colonizers ("Tribalism, Colonialism and Capitalism", 2014). Like the Europeans, Africans wanted to make economic gains in the expense of the working people. Therefore, today we see African politics made up of unequal advantages stemming from tribalism and ethnic discrimination ("Tribalism, Colonialism and Capitalism", 2014).
Though Kenya’s impoverished and underdeveloped conditions were certainly not highlighted in the film, I believe it is important to observe. These conditions are best displayed by the state of the primary school. In the film, students were forced to sit 5 students to a desk and were crammed into a tiny room. Moreover, the Kenyans were highly grateful for the concept of free education. This highly contrasts the state of American schools, which are typically well funded. Americans are used to the concept of free education, so much so, that people now desire free higher education. I believe this theme is important to note because it is the key difference between the Kenyan and American
Jomo Kenyatta’s ethnography, Facing Mt. Kenya was written in the 1930’s about Kikuyu society during 1890-1910, the early years of British colonialism in Kenya. Since the coming of the early colonization the Kikuyu people have tried to develop a religious attitude that would define it’s own culture while adapting forcefully to the European conforms of religion.