Modification Of Spray And Wait Protocol For Vdtn

Ms. Bynum is a self-referral who agreed to participate in the TPAPN monitoring program. On 11/24/16, Ms. Bynum tested positive for alcohol (ETG - 2510 ng/ml, ETS - 77 ng/ml) and renewed her program with TPAPN. On 2/26/16, Ms. Bynum tested positive for alcohol (ETG - 7980 ng/ml, ETS - 1580 ng/ml). On 4/7/16, Dr. John Lehman conducted an assessment on Ms. Bynum and recommended 90-day inpatient treatment program that Ms. Bynum refused. Additionally, Dr. Lehman stated on assessment that Ms. Bynum is not fit to practice and has a high-risk for relapse.

All vehicles transmit a 200-byte safety message at 10Hz with data rate of 6 Mbps. All vehicles attempt to continuously route 64-byte packets at an application rate of 2.048 Kbps to one of 10 other vehicles, selected as sink vehicles. The antenna height AHk of each vehicle is 1.5m. Transmit power is set to 10 dBm and the transmission range for safety message packet delivery is 145 m. For each experiment PCAP trace file per node is enabled. The routing statistics are gathered and compared for each experiment, i-e, with NS2 mobility trace file and with PySNS3. The simulation parameters for performance evaluation of PySNS3 are shown in Table III. In order to calculate packet delivery ratio (PDR), we must count; i) the packets that are actually received, and ii) the transmitted packets that are expected to be received. Both are relative to a specified (circular) coverage area shown in Fig. 6. Let's assume that the transmission range of vehicle A, is in meters, such that TRA > dAB. Where, dAB is distance between A and B, and dBC is the distance between B and

DSDV is a proactive, hop-by-hop distance vector routing protocol where the routing table is maintained by each and every network node. The routing table consists of all the nodes required to reach destination also including the nodes to which packets are not sent. The routing table is kept updated at every time after each entry. In order to avoid the routing loops, DSDV uses the concept of sequence numbers to maintain the originality of route at all times. For the network in figure. 1 below, the routing table for node A can be seen in table. 1 which contains information about all possible paths reachable by node A, along with the next hop, number of hops and sequence number.

We have simulated another network having 30 numbers of nodes. The simulation is made using the same platform used for network 1. This simulation is done taking node 1 as a source and node 28 as destination. The optimal path obtained in this simulation is 1-23-13-28, in which data rate is 0.47 kbps. The second optimal path is 1-17-28, in which data rate is 0.35 kbps. The simulated results are summarized here in

In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed DCHS algorithm, we compare MILP with the energy consumption and delay constrained routing protocol.

In order to avoid this problem, a technique called probability distribution algorithm is introduced. In probability distribution algorithm, the random traffic between the primary network users are analyzed. The nearby nodes behaviors are learnt by the secondary node. The probability of the traffic in the neighboring nodes are studied by the node that tries to transmit data. When the traffic is free then the secondary node establishes the connection. If there is traffic then the secondary node searches for other nodes. Thus the data transmission occurs in this CR

routing. In this chapter, we introduce some popular routing protocols in each of the three

(Rainie and Perrin), there may now be a readily available technology to communicate with a broader audience, similar to the Emergency Alert System (EAS), which also supports AMBER Alert systems Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) program (Federal Communications Commission), and improve first responder response times and reduce accidents. With the availability and preponderance of use of smartphone and smart vehicle technology, an improved emergency vehicle preemption system is at hand. The emergency vehicle preemption systems in use today (Figure 3), need to be upgraded so that when emergency vehicles are enroute to an incident their position is broadcast to smartphones and smart vehicles along the intended path.

There are many protocols that should be taken into account for nodes to communicate effectively over a network. There are several different protocols that should be considered such as how packets are transmitted, how the destination of the packet is identified, and are there any security issues.

The concept of internet of vehicle is shown in Fig.10. The converging technologies of IoV are related to electric vehicle, autonomous vehicle etc. The IoV can also deals with the vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to device (V2D), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to grid (V2G) communication.

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In order to deliver a packet, a sender may have to wait for a certain period of time [4] until its receiver becomes active. Sleep latency degrades the performance (e.g., delay and energy consumption) of various kinds of data forwarding designs in low-duty-cycle networks. There are two features that make flooding in low-duty cycle networks challenging. First, a packet is unlikely to be received by multiple nodes simultaneously as in always awake networks. To broadcast a packet, a sender has to transmit the same packet multiple times if its receivers do not wake up at the same time. Thus flooding in such networks is realized essentially by multiple unicasts. Second, unlike wired networks, wireless communication is notoriously unreliable [4]. A transmission is repeated if the previous transmissions are not successful due to wireless loss. The combination of low-duty-cycle operation and unreliable links necessitates the design of a different flooding mechanism than those found in wired networks and always-awake wireless networks. These combined have a knock on effects on reliability and cost [4].

Karaliopoulos \cite{Assessing-11} formulate message relaying in the Epidemic and Two-hop protocols using a two-dimensional CTMC (2D-CTMC) model. In particular, \textit{deceleration factor} metric is devised to measure the deterioration of the delivery delay, which is defined as the ratio of the expected delivery delay when there are \textit{K} selfish nodes versus the case all the nodes are cooperative. The numerical results demonstrate that the delivery delay in both the protocols increases as the number of the selfish nodes goes up. Meanwhile, it is shown that both the protocols are resistance against the selfish behavior when it is probabilistic. For example, the deceleration factor remains below 2 even in the presence of 70\% of selfish nodes with selfishness degree 0.5. Li \textit{et al.} \cite{EvaEff-21} design a 2D-CTMC model to obtain the message delivery delay and cost. The analytical results show that the non-forwarding and non-copying actions have opposite impacts on the Epidemic and Two-hop protocols. For

Under high traffic conditions, this works very well, and backpressure is able to fully utilize the available network resources in a highly dynamic fashion. Under low traffic conditions, however, because many other nodes may also have a small or 0 queue size, there is inefficiency in terms of an increase in delay, as packets may loop or take a long time to make their way to the destination. This is particularly of concern in intermittent encounter-based mobile networks which are already delay-limited due to the sparse and highly dynamic network connectivity. Such networks have proposed the use of redundant transmissions to improve delay, which do not work well when the traffic load is high.

Guo, M. H., Liaw et Al“Centralized group key management mechanism for VANET,” [13] In this paper the author has been proposed technique of binary search is used in RSU message verification phase. Bloom filter is used to replace hash value in notification message for reducing message overhead and enhancing effectiveness of verification phase. To enhance efficiency pairing operations are reduced from three to two so in the verification phase Vehicles can use its different