Molecular And Biochemical Genetic Studies On Rice Explosion Disease

As China’s population is estimated to reach 1.45 billion by 2020, the need to increase grain production by about 25% to satisfy the population growth is critical (Qiu, 850). As the main source of food in China, a shortage of rice supply would lead to devastating consequences. The genetically modified crops have been regarded as a promising solution by the Chinese government which can increase grain production hugely to satisfy the rapid population growth. However, there have been controversial views about GM rice, because the risks and negative effects of planting, growing and consuming GM rice can be hidden for a long time. It is important to ensure that the safety and risks of genetically modified crops are examined and analyzed fully before the crops are allowed for commercial planting.

In this study, rice will be exposed to osmotic stress condition, whereby it will show: a higher accumulation of proline and soluble sugars, reduced levels of MDA and minimized water loss rate compared to wild types of plant. Still, the stress-responsive gene OsHsfC1b will exhibit a significantly higher expression levels in rice than in transgenic plants under similar environmental conditions. Although OsHsfC1b has been evaluated purposely for its significance in drought

During laboratory week seven of Biology 232, the experiment of peroxidase characterization in monocot plants and dicot plants was presented to the students. The plants students could choose from were radishes, turnips, and beets. The stressing of the plants was to be carried out over two weeks, during the students’ fall break, as the experimental procedures were to be carried out over laboratory weeks eight and nine to identify peroxidase activity. The two taxonomic classifications of plants are Dicotyledonae and Monocotoledonae, which were discovered in 1682 by John Ray.

This experiment used beets to determine peroxidase production in stressed plants. The purpose of this experiment was to test if the stressed plant would produce more peroxidase in a higher concentration than the control plant. The stressor for this experiment was watering with salt water. This stressor was chosen because it is a natural stressor to plants; especially along the coasts and where roads are salted in winter such as the Midwest. The control plant was watered with plain tap water while the experimental plant was watered with tap water plus salt. The salt water concentration was 1.2341 molar. After the two-week stress period the stressed plant was much smaller, wilted, and shriveled compared to the control plant. It also had less water content overall, which made the extraction process somewhat more challenging. To test the peroxidase production in the plants several methods were used, including: tissue printing, DOT-blot assay, electrophoretic analysis, and a spectrophotometric assay. It was concluded that the stressed plant did produce more peroxidase than the control plant and in a higher concentration.

WP1. Starting point of the project is the molecular analysis of Arabidopsis candidate DNA insertion lines (obtained from the NASC stock center) harbouring T-DNA insertions in the gene encoding HMGA. Typically seeds of a segregating population are

It is argued that there is a dire need for the rapid large scale manufacture of genetically modified food to cater the requirements of the population. With the current population increasing at a rate of 2% per annum, it is essential to have a 70% rise in the food production by 2050 as concluded by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Alford). Out of the all the options available to solve this predicament, people most often resort to the application of genetics addressing it as the sole

The PMI enzyme is widespread in nature, occur in bacteria, yeast, and mammals (including humans), but there are only a few plant species like soybeans and several other legumes where the enzyme presence has been reported (Lee and Matheson, 1984). However, PMI expression in plants is quite variable. While Man is utterly toxic to the growth of plants such as corn and wheat (Wright et al., 2001), measured PMI activity in Nicotiana tabacum suspension cells is relatively low which bring about slow metabolism of Man. These levels seem likely to be representative of tobacco in general, being similar to levels found in tobacco leaves (Barb et al., 2003). The PMI/mannose selection system has been successfully used for the regeneration of transgenic plants from several important crops such as sugar beet (Joersbo et al.,1998), cassava (Zhang and Puonti-Kaerlas 2000), maize (Negrotto et al., 2000; Wright et al., 2001), wheat (Wright et al., 2001), rice (Lucca et al., 2001), Arabidopsis (Todd and Tague, 2001), pepper (Kim et al. 2002), sweet orange (Boscariol et al., 2003), pearl millet (O′Kennedy et al., 2004), tomato (Sigareva et al. 2004),

According to Bakshi (p.211), the use of biotechnology in agricultural production is a major tool for enhancing food security and sustaining the environment. Biotechnology is considered important in addressing the challenge of food availability, alleviation of poverty and environmental conservation. In this regard (Tramper et al 408), it is important to note that GMOs are produced by the introduction of extra genetic information into a certain organism through genetic engineering. The methods are a natural creation of the strategies hitherto employed with an aim of getting different varieties and strains. While some have seen GMOs as a solution to hunger, others have considered this innovation a danger as far as food security is concerned.

Depending on events, evolutionary origin of the GhTRX genes might undertake 2 evolutionary stages; last 0.31 and 1.08 mya. Evolutionary in G. hirsutum happened after rice and Arabidopsis. There were10 duplicated pairs in rice Thioredoxin gene family, its Evolutionary origin might undertake 3 evolutionary stages; events were ranged from 9 to 70 MYA (Ref) whereas the genome of the ancestor of Arabidopsis underwent a duplication event about 24–40 MYA, shortly after the divergence from the cotton ancestor. Approximately 14% of paralogous pairs remain up to date (Meyer et al., 2005). In general duplication of GhTRX happened after OsTRX and ATTRX and the number of genes duplicated was lower than in rice and Arabidopsis; this May be due to loss of most paralogues (Ref). GhTRX-A subfamily was largest amongst GhTRXs subfamilies; agreeing with previous study in rice, Arabidopsis and sorghum (Chibani, Wingsle, Jacquot, Gelhaye, & Rouhier, 2009). High number of TRX-A members may be due to duplication (Nuruzzaman et al., 2012), this explains multiple members of TRX-A family in G.hirsutum.

In the year of 2000, the first genetically modified rice was successively introduced into the world by two scientists, Ingo Potrykus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and Peter Beyer of the University of Freiburg. The original name of the Golden Rice was called SGR1. The Golden Rice is genetically modified so that vitamin A is in every grain of Golden Rice. Although the rice plant can naturally make the beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, it only occurs in the leaf of the rice plant during photosynthesis. However, for the scientists to make the Golden Rice they had to insert the genes of a daffodil (phytoene synthase) and a gene from a soil bacterium called Erwinia uredovora (carotenoid desaturase) into the rice nuclear genome and under the endosperm promoter. By putting the genes in the promoter of the endosperm, the Vitamin A was able to be

Insensitivity to mycotoxins produced by plant pathogens can be applied as a marker for the early screening of segregating populations within conventional and modern breeding programmes in many host–pathogen systems. This technique requires some knowledge about the correlation between sensitivity to toxins and susceptibility of plants to the pathogens that produce them. Such correlation need to be highly significant if the expected outcome is to select resistant plants within a long-term breeding program (Hadrami et al.,

Additionally, the ISAAA and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) state that genetic modifications can make crops more resilient in unstable environments and capable of surviving natural disasters. For example, golden rice that is being developed in the Philippines is not only being modified to contain vitamin A, but to also be more resilient in dry seasons and typhoon seasons and to be able to survive natural disasters such as floods droughts. The benefits that these modifications provide such as increased yields and resilience to natural disasters and extreme environments may also have the biggest impacts for developing countries, as such areas tend to heavily rely on agriculture. With these genetic modifications providing disaster resistant crops and increased harvests it creates a more productive agricultural system that can provide a stable food supply to the population as the risks of crops being destroyed by natural disasters is reduced and more food can be harvested which increase profits for farmers, and food security for developing countries. (C) As shown by these genetic modifications the growing of GMO’s can create a more productive and sustainable agriculture not only for developing countries but for the rest of the world with modified traits that can provide increased crop yields using less land and crops that are resilient to natural disasters.

Crop resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses, including drought has been successfully improved by plant breeding through phenotypic selection (Cooper et al., 2009). However, there is a large yield gap between drought prone areas and ideal production regions for most crops, including wheat. Drought tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes (Mir et al., 2012). It is also complicated by the fact that

However, its power is limited by population structure that causes spurious and synthetic associations. Multi-parental mapping like the nested association mapping (NAM) and multiple advanced generation intercrosses (MAGIC) reduce the confounding effect of historical population structure and phenotypic variation through crosses between founder lines and common founder in NAM and among founder lines in MAGIC. The balanced allele frequencies in the NAM population also contribute to its high mapping power. Thus, it is an efficient approach for characterizing the genetic basis of complex agronomic traits (Bouchet et al. 2017). Given that agronomic traits have been subjected to generations of selection, knowledge of the genetic architecture can provide insights on how selection has shaped the evolutionary history of the traits. Evidences of the impact of selection on the evolution history of genetic architecture have been shown in fish(Cresko et al. 2004), dogs (Boyko et al. 2010), chicken (Carlborg et al. 2006), maize (Doebley 2004; Brown et al. 2011) and rice (McCouch et al. 2004; Ishii et al. 2013). Traits that have undergone recent selection have been found to be under the control of large effects loci in maize (Brown et al. 2011; Truong et al. 2015), rice (Ishii et al. 2013) and sorghum (Bouchet et al. 2017).

As pBCAMBIA-PMI contains the pmi gene which confers mannose resistance, we used the mannose as a selection agent in our transformation experiments. Nine different concentrations and combinations of mannose and sucrose in shoot regeneration medium were used to evaluate the effect of mannose on the organogenesis of non-transformed tobacco leaf explants (Fig. 2). After 3 weeks cultivation, we found that no explants produced shoots on media without any tested carbon source (Fig. 2A). When cultivated on 30 gl-1 sucrose (0/30), 100% of the tobacco leaf explants regenerated. The organogenesis response decreased progressively when mannose concentration was increased in the shoot regeneration medium. A decreasing selectivity of mannose was also seen when 5 gl-1 sucrose was supplemented to the selection medium. Results show that the inhibitory effects of mannose increases with decreasing sucrose concentration in the medium, indicating an interaction between mannose and sucrose (Fig. 3). Similar results were described by Sigareva et al. (2004) in tomato as the addition of sucrose to the selection medium modulated the inhibitory effect of mannose on shoot formation. Earlier studies pointed that the indirect toxic effect of mannose caused by the conversion to mannose-6-phosphate by endogenous hexokinase increases with decreasing sucrose concentration in the medium, suggesting an interaction between mannose and