Molecular Genetics Of Medi Summary Sheet

For a plant cell, the nucleus, without a doubt, is the most important organelle; but in the animal cell, the most vital structure is the mitochondria.

Eukaryotes include all living animal organisms other than the eubacteria and archaea. The eukaryote has a nucleus membrane that surrounds the nucleus in which the way they defined the

1. List whether the student was positive or negative for each characteristic and include whether the characteristic is dominant or recessive. (6 points)

Color fills our world with beauty. We delight in the colors of a magnificent sunset and in the bright red and golden-yellow leaves of autumn. We are charmed by gorgeous flowering plants and the brilliantly colored arch of a rainbow. We also use color in various ways to add pleasure and interest to our lives. For example, many people choose the colors of their clothes carefully and decorate their homes with colors that create beautiful, restful, or exciting effects. By their selection and arrangement of colors, artists try to make their paintings more realistic or expressive.

Since they do not contain a nucleus they would be in the prokaryotic domain. They would need to be from the kingdoms Bacteria Specifically Eubacteria. They use photosynthesis to produce their own food. This animal is most likely Prochlorococcus. This is the most abundant photosynthetic cell in the ocean. Another one is cyanobacteria or blue green algae, but they are prokaryotic unlike algae. They could be grouped by their shapes like cyanobacteria are spherical, rod, and spiral. They can also be grouped as photosynthetic since they have

The cell’s nonmembranous organelles include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes. Membranous organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.

The emperor moth, or Saturnia pavonia, is a species of moth most notable for its beautiful collection of four eyespots on its wings; two on its front wings and two on its back wings. Because the eyespots are so visible and prominent on the wings of the moth, it can be proposed that this trait was adapted by the moth to increase its chances of viability by intimidating or confusing predators, compared to the common heath moth Ematurga atomaria which is a simple brown or grey colour (i.e. no eyespots). Eyespots on an organism is an example of mimicry – when an organism evolves a specific trait that is similar to a different organism (usually a predator), which in turn can help to improve its chances of survival. The theory behind mimicry proposes that the certain traits that a species adapts (in this case, eyespots), appear as confusing to predators, therefore hindering the predator’s ability to accurately perceive the identity of the species which allows said species even the slightest chance to escape from harm’s way (Howse 2013). There is also proof that large eyespots, such as those on the Saturnia pavonia, are beneficial to the organism because they are visibly similar to the eyes of predators such as owls (Howse 2013). The results from one experiment conducted by Blest (1957) studied the number of averted attacks by birds on a butterfly with eyespots compared to the number of averted attacks on a butterfly with the eyespots concealed from rubbing the wings (Stevens).

Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to separate and identify pigments and other molecules within plant cells by a process called chromatography. We will also be measuring the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. Beta carotene, the most abundant carotene in plants, is carried along near the solvent front because it is very soluble in the solvent being used and because it forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Xanthophyll is found further from the solvent font because it is less soluble in the solvent and has been slowed down by hydrogen bonding to the cellulose. Chlorophylls contain oxygen and nitrogen and are bound more tightly to the paper than the other pigments.

The cytosol is also present in the Plant, Animal, and Prokaryotic cells. The cytosol is the thick, gelatin-like liquid in the cell that accounts for almost 70% of its volume. The cytosol of a cell is the substance in which the organelles are suspended and it provides the proper conditions for their function and movement. The cytosol was discovered by Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, and George E. Palade in 1835.

According to Oregon State University, there are three types of classes that plant pigments can fall under. They are, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins (Carol Savonen 2003). Often the pigments that fall under the category of chlorophyll look green to the eye. This is because they are absorbing all colors of the spectrum except for green. Next, the pigments that are known as carotenoids are going to look yellow or orange, due to the same reasoning. They are absorbing all colors but yellow and orange. Lastly, the anthocyanins will absorb blue and green, reflecting either purple or red (Volner Silva 2016). As the chromatography takes place and the solution is separated into its component substances, they will display the colors of the specific pigments present in them. For example, if Chlorophyll A is present in a leaf, the chromatography will show a blue-green color, while if xanthophylls, another type of plant pigment, are present, the chromatography will exhibit a yellow color. On the other hand, if the anthocyanin pigments are present in the leaf, the chromatography experiment should have resulted in red, blue, purple, or magenta colors (Joy Alkema and Spencer L. Seagerl 1982). Specific to this experiment, the green leaves should display more pigments under the chlorophyll category, while on the other hand, the darker leaves should display more pigments that fall

The websites chosen to research was Medline Plus, Genetics Home Reference and National Institutes of Health. The topic researched was narcolepsy.

Pigments extracted from different greens have different polarities and may be different colors. Mixed pigments can be separated using chromatography paper. Chromatography paper is able to separate mixed pigments due to their polarity and solubility. Pigments of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta carotene will be separated on chromatography paper because each has its own polarity and solubility, which results in different distance traveled up the paper. Beta carotene is non-polar so it travels the highest distance, followed by chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b is the most polar; therefore, it travels the shortest distance. The separated pigments on the chromatography paper can be eluted in acetone and absorbance spectrum is

Eukaryotic cells - found in animals, plants and fungi. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is sectioned off from the cytoplasm in its own membrane compartment called the nucleus.

For lab 12, it is hypothesized that chlorophylls a and b are present in a plant leaf and contribute to the starch production in photosynthesis. Also, products of photosynthesis will be present in leaf tissue exposed to red and blue light wavelengths for several days, but a decreased presence in leaf tissue exposed to green and black light wavelengths. In lab 13, it is expected that since chlorophylls a and b are more polar and smaller molecules than the anthyocyanins and carotenoids, they will travel higher up the chromatography paper than the other pigments.

Organelles are the internal structures of the cell that are important for the cell to survive. Each organelle has a specific function for the cell. The types of organelles in the cell can be different from each other depending on the type of cell. Plant cells and animal cells both have a cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, nucleus, plasma membrane, and ribosomes. Animal and plant cells also have vacuoles, but they are rarely found in animal cells. Vacuoles in animal cells are very small compared to the vacuoles in plant cells. Lysosomes are also rarely found in plant cells but mostly found in animal cells.