Molecular Structure Analysis

Organic chemistry is the scientific study of organic materials, those that contain carbon atoms. Organic compounds are classified into families that are known as homologous series. The members of each homologous series share some common features. A homologous series is composed of compounds that have the same general formula (functioning group), usually the only differentiation is the length of the carbon chain or number of monomers. The difference in the length of the carbon chain can have an effect on many physical properties of the chemical, for example the boiling point. Alcohols are organic compounds in which one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups is bound to a carbon atom. This group of compounds plays a key role in the world, ranging from alcoholic beverages to medicine to being important compounds in organic chemistry. Boiling point is the point at which liquids become heated to such an extent that its molecules begin to turn into a gas, this is due to the addition of energy to the molecules. Molecular mass is a number that equals the sum of the combined atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.

To make the specimen compatible with both forms of advanced microscopy, they sufficiently prepared samples by coupling the specimen with a fluorescence that was also conductive. This technique was accomplished with the FlouroNanogold label, which contains gold nanoparticles covalently bonded to a fluorescence label. That way, the LM worked as well as the EM for the same set of kinetochores that were being studied. The Hec1 protein was stained in this case because this protein naturally delineates the structures to be studied.

The City of Mounds View, located in the northwest corner of Ramsey County, Minnesota, contains a residential population of over 12,000 and over 150 businesses. The city is situated at the connection of Interstate 35W and State Hwy 10, and is conveniently ten miles from Minneapolis and St. Paul. Mounds View is renowned for its large, wooded residential lots and wide housing variations. The city has a total area of 4.12 square miles, of which 4.03 square miles is land and 0.09 square miles is water.

This section will dealt with the main organic molecules in living things: carbohydrates, fats ( lipids ), proteins and nucleic acids.

A topic of great importance to all scientists is the identification of compounds, which is relevant in all aspects of their work in some way shape or form. Weather it may be determining what is causing sickness or what is polluting the air, it is very prevalent in the science world. In project 2, identification of cations and anions was preformed through a series of confirmation and elimination tests that ultimately led to identifying an unknown ionic compound made of cations and anions.

In this experiment, we were given three main goals to accomplish. We were to identify the compound through a series of organized experiments and analyze as many physical chemical properties as possible.

This lab consisted of formulating a mechanism by which dimethyl maleate (cis confirmation) could be isomerized to dimethyl fumarate (trans confirmation) by heat, light, or bromine. In order to investigate chemical properties of when the molecule is in a chiral vs. achiral environment, enantiomers of carvones were compared.

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The initial goal of this experiment was to investigate the properties of an unknown acid or base. These properties include pH, concentration, and how the solution behaves once titrated. In order to accomplish these goals, the initial pH of the unknown compound needed to be found through the use of pH strips and/or a PASCO probe. It was also necessary to titrate the unknown compound to find the equivalence point, which would allow the calculation of the initial concentration of the unknown chemicals. In order to see how dilution affected the pH of the unknown compound, it was necessary to dilute the unknown compounds over a series of steps and observe the trend. Finally, it was helpful to test the household chemicals for their acidic or basic properties and compare how they reacted to the reactions of the unknown compounds.

Lysosomes are known as the “Digestive organelle” of the cell, with their main function being to digest intracellular components. They’re characterized by a low pH and many different acidic hydrolysis, giving them an optimum acidic environment for breaking down larger macromolecules such as oligosaccharides and complex lipids. Once broken down, their building blocks are then exported to the cytosol where they can be reused as nutrients in cellular metabolism. Impairment of lysosomes to execute this process has many effects that could cause disease as well as death.

There are four major classes of macromolecules. They are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. There are many similarities between these macromolecules, and they all play a very important role in biology. However, there are also many differences, especially between lipids and the other three groups.

a) The tertiary structure refers to the structural arrangement of amino acids that are found far away from one another along the polypeptide chain. The tertiary structure is overall a three dimensional shape of a protein molecule. It will bend and twist to achieve maximum stability. The shape of a tertiary structure is made when the secondary structure folds in on itself and is held in place by many bonds and interactions formed by the R groups in the amino acid chain. The bonds and interactions involved are hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and disulphide bonds. These bonds and interactions are located in different areas of the tertiary structure, the hydrogen bonds are located inbetween polar R groups, ionic bonds are located between charged R groups, hydrophobic interactions are located between nonpolar R groups and disulphide bonds are formed generally in the endoplasmic reticulum by oxidation ."Hydrogen bonds may form between different side­chain groups." Hydrophobic interactions are brought about in an aqueous site. The tertiary structure is held together mainly by interactions that are located at the R groups.

Span 60 has relatively low HLB with small critical packing parameter(CPP). So, it requires only a small amount of cholesterol to obtain the optimum membrane curvature for vesicle formation. In return, Tween 60 require considerably large amounts of cholesterol to obtain suitable entire CPP values due to high hydrophilicity with high

The silica gel on the TLC plate is infused with a fluorescent substance that glows under ultraviolet (UV) light. The fluorescence will interfere with a spot and appear as a dark spot on a glowing background.

Table: 33 Evaluation of Bilayer Tablets of Metoprolol Succinate SR and Hydrochlorothiazide IR (F-6 to F-10)