Moral hazard is “where one side of the market cannot observe the actions of the other” (1 R. Varian Hal, Intermediate microeconomics, 7th Edition, 2006). Being a part of asymmetric information where one party knows more information than the other, moral hazard is where the actions from an individual cannot be quantified by the other. In this case the seller’s actions of livestock cannot be quantified or unobserved by the buyer of livestock. The goal of this essay is to discuss the effects of moral hazard in various scenarios, the impact it has on firms and preventative techniques available to gain a more in depth understanding of moral hazard. As mentioned above due to asymmetric information the seller has more information regarding the quality of the livestock than the buyer. There are measures such as “warranties on the sale of livestock” (2 Pindyck/Rubinfield, 7e, Prentice Hall, 2009) to combat asymmetric information livestock sellers may expressively warrant animal health “by describing the animals as disease-free, stating that the animals are from a clean herd, or allowing the buyer to view a disease-free sample of the animals being purchased and stating that the other animals will be similar” (3 Terence J. Centner and Michael E. Wetzstein, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1987). However, “Although warranties solve the problem of the seller having better information than the buyer, they also create a form of moral hazard” (4 Pindyck/Rubinfield, 7e, Prentice
Ethical dilemmas occur when there is a disagreement about a situation and all parties involved question how they should behave based on their individual ethical morals. (Newman & Pollnitz, 2005). The dilemma that I will be addressing in this essay involves Michael, recently employed male educator working in the nursery, and parents of a baby enrolled at the centre. The parents have raised concerns about male educators changing their child’s nappy as they have cultural practices that do not allow this practice to take place. This situation is classed as an ethical dilemma as there is a dispute between cultural beliefs and legal requirements within the workplace. There are four parties involved (parents, child, educator and director), all
USDA studies show that 92% of American horses killed in American Slaughter Plants were in perfect health. Owners will sell their horses by the pound; they would prefer an overweight horse over a skinny horse any day. “Wild for Life’s” study shows that a great amount of registered Thoroughbred foals born are slaughtered for foal crop. Horses that are sent to slaughtering houses are often rejected from the breeding farms they were sent to. A horse that is rejected is often not the right color, body type, breed or gender. The meat buyers will try and stuff as many horses
Authors Khullar, Barlett and Steele, Singer, and Hurst in Food Matters, argue many valid and important points previously discussed. Singer suggests that “competition in the marketplace” has a higher cost in the lives of the animals, so that their “flesh” can be provided to the consumer at a lower cost, and I agree because people can cause a strain with product demands (Singer 179). It’s easier to believe that chickens, cows, and pigs live on Old Macdonald’s happy farm than to actually
In examining the standards of ethics, or lack thereof, in cases of corporate fraud there are key questions to consider. These questions relate to ethics, the fraud triangle, and the legal ramifications incurred. It is important to examine the elements related to these key questions, in order to gain an understanding of the impacts fraud has upon all parties involved. This handbook provides information to gain an understanding of what ethical violations are at play and the impacts upon all involved parties resulting from those violations. Further provided is information regarding ethical issues when an awareness of the fraud is known, and what the reactions should be by the
One of the largest decisions that I have had is trying to convince the Co-owner of my dog that the most humane thing would be to let her go peacefully. Claire is a dog that we own due to having been in a relationship together for the better part of a decade. Recently, Claire has been diagnosed with cancer and it unclear how long she will have to live. I believe that the most human thing will be to allow her to live out her last days in peace, at some point in the near future we will have to make the decision to put her down. Andy, the Co-owner, wants to try a high risk surgery and chemo and radiation therapy. Not only is this treatment plan highly risky, it is not predicted to have a high probability of success. The odds against Claire are
Warranties originated to protect the buyer, not to limit the liability of the seller. The court felt that the motive of the manufacturer in this case was to avoid the warranty obligations normally incidental to these
In this paper I will bring to you information that customers are unaware of that happens within the Factory Farming business. What is the situation these farms and will it make you think twice? We do not understand the health and wellness of these animals and how they are treated is beyond belief. Health and wellness could be in jeopardy from some of these animals we consume. The populace would be shocked to know these types of farms exist as how they get away with such conditions. Cruelty to animals exists but consumers may not aware as they making their selection of meat at the local market. There should be better living conditions and treatment of these animals.
According to Nickerson (n.d.), “organ donation is the act of donating an organ by a person and it can be transplanted by surgical procedure in the body of the recipient (para.1)”. This procedure is made with fully informed consent from the donor. Organ donation is one of the most popular topic and many are not aware for the good benefit of it. According to Midwest Transplant Network (2010), it can helps the “recipient largely by continuing and maintaining quality of life, improving health, adding another span of life and saving him from even death (MTN, 2010).”
Photos have often been used to show an audience the significance of a certain situation, problem, etc. in order to gain their attention and possibly even a public response. This photo created by PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, depicts the magnitude of the poaching industry for animal substances. The image is speaking to an audience that is not aware of the process and damage that is caused when animal products are purchased. The image brings clarity on the controversial roles that are played in a consumer and supplier relationship when dealing with the animal product market.
Farmer E raises only 20 head of cattle making them the smallest farmer interviewed and the least amount of time raising beef at only eight years. The cattle are also mostly grass fed like the other farmers but they receive less than market price because of the breed of cattle raised not being in high demand at market. Farmers usually receive approximately $1.50 per pound but he gets about $1 per pound instead. When asked if they would ever think to process and sell their meat they mentioned they had previously considered it but saw other locals and fail. This dissuaded the farmer from trying to sell his own beef although he has taken beef management classes to do so. The risk was too high for Farmer E once seeing the failure and decided to stay with calf-cow farming to not have to add new costs with what they thought would be little return.
“With great power comes great responsibility”, is an infamous line from the movie Spiderman, and even though it is cliché, I’ve always found that to be very true. Power and responsibility can be explored through Phillip Zimbardo’s “The Lucifer Effect”, and how his work is related to two major financial scandals of the 21st century, which involve Enron and Bernard Madoff. In both scandals, there were people in a position of power who carried a surmounting level of responsibility, but used their power in very manipulative ways for their own personal gain. The high level executives of Enron and Bernard Madoff were on a rampant quest for money, which was the
The UCC suggests that only statement of fact can create express warranties, while statements of opinion and value are often considered puffery. An exception for this guideline is when the statement of opinion and value is derived from an expert and there is reliance by the other party on the information provided. In this case, a court can consider that an express warranty was created, even though the statement was plain puffery. In general, Clarkson et al. suggests that the reasonableness of the buyer’s or lessee’s reliance appears to be the controlling criteria in many cases. Additionally, these authors also states the courts usually assumes that individuals are reasonably intelligent to enter in an agreement. Hence, citizens should not expect
Cow-calf producers and cattle feeders were interested in the factors which may impact feeder cattle and calf prices. Many factors, such as grain and hay prices, weather, prices of competing meats, and the general economic situation of the consumer affect cattle prices (Lambert et al., 1989), producers have very little control on them. But some factors, including number of cattle sold, sex, muscle thickness, frame score, age, body weight, etc. are controllable. Understanding these factors may improve their financial management.
Authors Khullar, Barlett and Steele, Singer, and Hurst in Food Matters, argue many valid and important points previously discussed. Singer suggests that “competition in the marketplace” has a higher cost in the lives of the animals, so that their “flesh” can be provided to the consumer at a lower cost, and I agree because people can cause a strain with product demands (Singer 179). It’s easier to believe that chickens, cows, and pigs live on Old Macdonald’s happy farm than
Thank you for the informative discussion post on policy, Elizabeth. I also cited Mason, Leavitt, Chaffee, and O’Grady (2016) discussing how policy can be influenced by multiple spheres at a time. Based on my real world observations of my work with Optum and the health insurance industry, I have seen the effects of various state exchanges on the government, workplace, interest groups and the community.